Table 2.
Covariates of cognitive performance.
| Reaction time | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | B | SE | CI 95% | P |
| Age | 0.008 | 0.0003 | 0.007, 0.009 | <0.001*** |
| Physical activity | 0.003 | 0.0010 | 0.001, 0.005 | =0.001** |
| Sleep duration | 0.007 | 0.0023 | 0.003, 0.012 | =0.001** |
| Sex (male vs female) | 0.028 | 0.0005 | 0.033, 0.019 | <0.001*** |
| Education (degree vs no degree) | −0.035 | 0.0045 | −0.044, −0.026 | <0.001*** |
| Hypertension (yes vs no) | 0.017 | 0.0051 | 0.008, 0.027 | =0.001** |
| Cholesterol medication (non-statin) (yes vs no) | 0.053 | 0.0156 | 0.023, 0.084 | =0.001** |
| Hypertension medication (yes vs no) | 0.022 | 0.0054 | 0.012, 0.033 | <0.001*** |
| Alcohol intake (daily/almost daily vs never) | −0.035 | 0.0101 | −0.055, −0.015 | =0.001** |
| Alcohol intake (3–4 times per week vs never) | −0.044 | 0.0097 | −0.063, −0.025 | <0.001*** |
| Alcohol intake (1–2 times per week vs never) | −0.038 | 0.0097 | −0.057, −0.019 | <0.001*** |
| Alcohol intake (1–3 times per month vs never) | −0.037 | 0.0108 | −0.058, −0.016 | =0.001** |
| Alcohol intake (special occasions vs never) | −0.026 | 0.0112 | −0.048, −0.004 | =0.020* |
| Statin users | B | SE | CI 95% | P |
| Age | 0.007 | 0.0007 | 0.005, 0.008 | <0.001*** |
| Sex (male vs female) | 0.030 | 0.0056 | 0.011, 0.048 | =0.002** |
| Education (degree vs no degree) | 0.042 | 0.0093 | 0.024, 0.060 | <0.001*** |
| Alcohol intake (daily/almost daily) | −0.040 | 0.0189 | −0.077, −0.003 | =0.032* |
| Alcohol intake (3–4 times per week) | −0.049 | 0.0179 | −0.085, −0.014 | =0.006** |
| Alcohol intake (1–3 times per month) | −0.050 | 0.0204 | −0.090, −0.010, | =0.014* |
| Working memory | ||||
| Controls | B | SE | CI 95% | P |
| Age | 0.017 | 0.0012 | 0.014, 0.019 | <0.001*** |
| BMI | −0.005 | 0.0020 | −0.009, −0.001 | =0.015* |
| Physical activity | 0.013 | 0.0042 | 0.005, 0.022 | =0.001** |
| Sex (male vs female) | −0.071 | 0.0190 | −0109, −0.034 | <0.001*** |
| Education (degree vs no degree) | −0.077 | 0.0184 | −0.113. −0.041 | <0.001*** |
| Hypertension (yes vs no) | 0.041 | 0.0202 | 0.001, 0.081 | =0.043* |
| Statin users | B | SE | CI 95% | P |
| Age | 0.011 | 0.0039 | 0.003, 0.019 | =0.006** |
| BMI | −0.008 | 0.0038 | −0.016, −0.001 | =0.028* |
| Education (degree vs no degree) | −0.121 | 0.0394 | −0.198, −0.044 | =0.002** |
| Hypertension (yes vs no) | 1.411 | 0.023 | 1.365, 1.457 | <0.001*** |
| Fluid intelligence | ||||
| Controls | B | SE | CI 95% | P |
| Age | −0.038 | 0.0034 | −0.045, −0.035 | <0.001*** |
| Physical activity | −0.098 | 0.0110 | −0.076, −0.119 | <0.001*** |
| Sleep duration | −0.054 | 0.0237 | −0.007, −0.100, | =0.024* |
| Sex (male vs female) | −0.188 | 0.0525 | −0.291, −0.085 | <0.001*** |
| Education (degree vs no degree) | 1.248 | 0.0489 | 1.344, 1.152 | <0.001*** |
| Angina (yes vs no) | −0.580 | 0.2672 | −1.103, −0.056 | =0.030* |
| Cholesterol medication (non-statin) (yes vs no) | −0.503 | 0.1543 | 0.805, 0.201 | =0.001** |
| Alcohol intake (daily/almost daily) | 0.458 | 0.1121 | 0.329, 0.678 | <0.001*** |
| Alcohol intake (3–4 times per week) | 0.461 | 0.1068 | 0.251, 0.670 | <0.001*** |
| Alcohol intake (1–3 times per month) | 0.351 | 0.1195 | 0.117, 0.585 | =0.003** |
| Statin users | B | SE | CI 95% | P |
| Age | −0.066 | 0.0098 | −0.085, −0.047 | <0.001*** |
| Physical activity | −0.087 | 0.0238 | −0.041, −0.134 | <0.001*** |
| Education (degree vs no degree) | −1.284 | 0.0909 | −1.496, −1.072 | <0.001*** |
| Heart attack (yes vs no) | −0.315 | 0.1593 | −0.627, −0.002 | =0.048* |
| Alcohol intake (daily/almost daily) | 0.509 | 0.2303 | 0.058, 0.961 | =0.027* |
Statistical test results for significant effects of health-related parameters (Table 1) on the cognitive performance of controls and statin users in the three cognitive tests measuring reaction time (card game “Snap”), working memory (“Pairs matching test”) and reasoning abilities (“Fluid intelligence test”). Generalised linear models have been used for statistical analysis. B = regression coefficient, SE = standard error, CI 95% = 95% confidence interval (min and max). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.