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. 2020 Apr 10;10:6243. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63227-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Entrainment of general activity by the different components of chocolate after a 6 h phase advance. (A) Rats were exposed to a sudden 6 h phase advance (6PA) by switching off the lights 6 hours before expected (control) and the acrophases for the following 5 days were estimated. On day 6 the lights were kept off in order to observe the circadian phase. (B) Simultaneous to the new night, rats received 5 g of chocolate, or pellets containing separate elements of a chocolate bar, (C) cocoa butter, (D) gelatin (which was used as the base to prepare all the pellets), (E) sugar and (F) cocoa flavor with splenda. Daily acrophases were compared with the expected new acrophase (vertical dotted line) and the difference between their current acrophase in DD and the new acrophase is indicated in the right-low corner of each graph. Horizontal white bars over the X-axis indicate lights on and black bars indicate lights off. Data are expressed as the mean + SEM (N = 6–8group). The difference with the expected new acrophase was estimated with a one-way ANOVA for repeated measures followed by a Dunnett´s post hoc test P < 0.05.