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. 2020 Apr 10;10:6243. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63227-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chocolate for breakfast reduced body weight gain and promoted thermogenesis in shift-work rats. (A) Body weight (BW) gain for 3 weeks in control undisturbed rats (CNT, grey), in shift-worker rats exposed to 8 h of forced activity without chocolate access (WRK, black), shift-worker rats receiving 5 g of chocolate for dinner at the onset of the rest phase (WCH-D, red) and shift-worker rats receiving chocolate for breakfast at the onset of the active phase (WCH-B, blue). (B) Body weight gain, as compared with the CNT group (100%) at the end of the 3^th experimental weeks. Data are expressed as the mean + SEM (N = 10/group). For A, the Tuckey post hoc test indicated statistical difference * from CTRL. For B the Bonferroni post hoc test indicated statistical difference # from all groups (P < 0.05). Postprandial thermogenesis for the 5 h following chocolate intake (C) for dinner and (D) for breakfast as compared with the WRK group that did not receive chocolate. Data are represented every 30 minutes as the difference (C) from the time point prior to chocolate intake. Arrow indicates the moment when WCH-D or WCH-B received 5 g of chocolate. The Sidak post hoc test indicated difference from WRK rats, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.