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. 2020 Apr 10;10:6224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63085-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The mucociliary epithelium of amphibian embryos is structurally and physiologically similar to human airway epithelium. (A) The embryonic epithelium of Xenopus laevis was visualized by fluorescent imaging analysis. Goblet cells were stained with WGA-Alexa 488 and multi-cilia were stained with anti-acetylated tubulin antibody. (B) The embryonic epithelium of Bombina orientalis was visualized by the same protocol. (C) Bicuculline reversibly inhibited mucus secretion from the goblet cells of X. laevis and B. orientalis embryonic epithelium. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. From left to right, n = 57, 42, 39, 17, 5, 8. (D) Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate increased mucus secretion from the goblet cells of X. laevis and B. orientalis embryonic epithelium. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. From left to right, n = 57, 42, 17, 18. (E) Narasin inhibited mucus secretion from X. laevis and B. orientalis embryonic epithelium. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. From left to right, n = 57, 42, 17, 18. Asterisks represent: ***(p < 0.001), **(0.001 < p < 0.01), *(0.01 < p < 0.05), ns (0.05 < p).