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. 2020 Apr 10;10:6244. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63160-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative HP ¹³C imaging acquired at 3T. (A) Representative T₂-weighted anatomical image from a tumor-bearing animal. (B) Heat map of γ-glutamyl-[1-¹³C]glycine (γ-Glu-[1-¹³C]Gly) SNR illustrating homogeneous distribution of substrate in the brain. (C) Heat maps of the ratio of maximum [1-¹³C]glycine ([1-¹³C]Gly) to maximum γ-Glu-[1-¹³C]Gly showing that metabolism in the tumor region is higher than in normal brain. White dotted line outlines the tumor. (D) Representative spectra collected from contralateral brain (gray) and tumor (black) voxels. (E) Quantification of γ-Glu-[1-¹³C]Gly SNR. γ-Glu-[1-¹³C]Gly SNR in normal brain and tumor values are 34.1 ± 7.2 a.u. and 32.1 ± 6.6 a.u. respectively. (F) [1-¹³C]Gly-to-γ-Glu-[1-¹³C]Gly ratios: 0.33 ± 0.03 a.u. vs 0.57 ± 0.07 a.u. for normal-appearing brain and tumor respectively. Gray: Contralateral brain; Black: Tumor. Animals per group = 4. *p < 0.05.