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. 2020 Apr 10;10:6219. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63283-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The fixation times and fixation probabilities as a function of the biting rates. (A) The fixation times decrease when the biting rates increase. If humans are bitten more frequently, drug resistant parasites will emerge earlier. The error bars show the standard error of the mean. (B) In the regime of a high biting rate, the fixation probabilities of parasites with higher g decrease with the increasing biting rates. The results were averaged from 50 simulations.