Table 2.
Results of intention-to-treat analysis.
| Outcomes | Intervention group (n=151), mean (95% CI) |
Control group (n=148), mean (95% CI) |
Between-group difference with regard to change in outcome from baseline (95% CI) | P value | ||||||
| Primary outcomes |
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|
Hemoglobin A1c (%) |
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Baseline | 8.02 (7.80-8.23) | 7.99 (7.77-8.21) | N/Aa |
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12 weeks | 7.72 (7.50-7.94)b | 7.65 (7.43-7.87)b | 0.05 (−0.23 to 0.33) | .74 | ||||
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|
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24 weeks | 7.57 (7.35-7.79)b | 7.64 (7.42-7.86)b | −0.09 (−0.37 to 0.19) | .52 | ||||
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
|
|
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|
|
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Baseline | 137.6 (134.8-140.3) | 137.4 (134.6-140.2) | N/A |
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8 weeks | 135.2 (132.3-138.0) | 132.7 (129.9-135.6)b | 2.25 (−1.87 to 6.37) | .28 | ||||
|
|
|
16 weeks | 135.9 (133.0-138.7) | 134.8 (132.0-137.7) | 0.84 (−3.26 to 4.93) | .69 | ||||
|
|
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24 weeks | 138.1 (135.3-140.9) | 134.6 (131.7-137.4) | 3.38 (−0.68 to 7.44) | .10 | ||||
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
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Baseline | 76.2 (74.6-77.7) | 74.7 (73.1-76.2) | N/A |
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8 weeks | 74.6 (73.0-76.2)b | 73.4 (71.8-75.0) | −0.31 (−2.26 to 1.64) | .76 | ||||
|
|
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16 weeks | 74.8 (73.3-76.4) | 74.1 (72.5-75.7) | −0.80 (−2.74 to 1.14) | .42 | ||||
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24 weeks | 76.1 (74.5-77.6) | 74.2 (72.6-75.8) | 0.33 (−1.59 to 2.25) | .73 | ||||
| Secondary outcomes |
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Medication adherence (score) |
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Baseline | 4.52 (4.45-4.59) | 4.53 (4.46-4.60) | N/A |
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|
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8 weeks | 4.64 (4.57-4.71)b | 4.57 (4.50-4.64) | 0.08 (−0.01 to 0.16) | .07 | ||||
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16 weeks | 4.58 (4.51-4.65)b | 4.53 (4.46-4.60) | 0.06 (−0.02 to 0.14) | .14 | ||||
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24 weeks | 4.58 (4.51-4.65)b | 4.56 (4.49-4.63) | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.12) | .40 | ||||
|
|
General adherence to treatment (score) |
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|
|
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Baseline | 4.17 (4.03-4.32) | 4.00 (3.86-4.15) | N/A |
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||||
|
|
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8 weeks | 4.15 (4.00-4.30) | 3.95 (3.80-4.10) | 0.03 (−0.16 to 0.22) | .78 | ||||
|
|
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16 weeks | 4.17 (4.02-4.32) | 4.03 (3.88-4.18) | −0.03 (−0.22 to 0.16) | .75 | ||||
|
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24 weeks | 4.27 (4.12-4.42) | 3.98 (3.83-4.13) | 0.12 (−0.07 to 0.31) | .21 | ||||
|
|
Adherence to disease-specific activities (score) |
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|
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Baseline | 3.51 (3.42-3.61) | 3.51 (3.41-3.61) | N/A |
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||||
|
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8 weeks | 3.55 (3.45-3.65) | 3.65 (3.55-3.75)b | −0.10 (−0.22 to 0.03) | .12 | ||||
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16 weeks | 3.73 (3.63-3.83)b | 3.66 (3.56-3.76)b | 0.06 (−0.06 to 0.18) | .35 | ||||
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24 weeks | 3.72 (3.62-3.82)b | 3.63 (3.53-3.73)b | 0.08 (−0.04 to 0.20) | .19 | ||||
|
|
Diabetes knowledge (%) |
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|
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|
|
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Baseline | 78.5 (76.7-80.3) | 79.1 (77.2-80.9) | N/A |
|
||||
|
|
|
8 weeks | 81.5 (79.7-83.4)b | 82.6 (80.7-84.5)b | −0.53 (−3.21 to 2.15) | .70 | ||||
|
|
|
16 weeks | 84.2 (82.4-86.1)b | 84.1 (82.2-86.0)b | 0.65 (−2.01 to 3.31) | .63 | ||||
|
|
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24 weeks | 84.4 (82.6-86.3)b | 85.4 (83.5-87.2)b | −0.40 (−3.04 to 2.24) | .77 | ||||
|
|
Hypertension knowledge (%) |
|
|
|
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|
|
|
Baseline | 72.4 (70.7-74.2) | 70.9 (69.1-72.6) | N/A |
|
||||
|
|
|
8 weeks | 73.2 (71.4-75.0) | 73.6 (71.7-75.4)b | −1.95 (−4.38 to 0.47) | .11 | ||||
|
|
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16 weeks | 75.6 (73.8-77.4)b | 74.9 (73.1-76.7)b | −0.82 (−3.22 to 1.59) | .50 | ||||
|
|
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24 weeks | 76.7 (74.9-78.5)b | 76.2 (74.4-78.0)b | −1.01 (−3.40 to 1.38) | .41 | ||||
|
|
Self-efficacy for coping with chronic disease (score) |
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|
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Baseline | 7.31 (7.09-7.53) | 6.98 (6.75-7.21) | N/A |
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||||
|
|
|
8 weeks | 7.38 (7.15-7.61) | 7.17 (6.94-7.40) | −0.12 (−0.39 to 0.15) | .38 | ||||
|
|
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16 weeks | 7.45 (7.22-7.68) | 7.24 (7.02-7.47)b | −0.12 (−0.39 to 0.14) | .36 | ||||
|
|
|
24 weeks | 7.49 (7.26-7.72) | 7.24 (7.02-7.47)b | −0.08 (−0.35 to 0.18) | .55 | ||||
aN/A: not applicable.
bSignificant difference from baseline.