Table 6.1.
Adjuvants contained in vaccines currently in development
| Adjuvant name | Description | Route of delivery | Current vaccine targets | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early-stage development (Phase I) | ||||
| NanoStat™ | Nanoemulsion | Intranasal | Influenza Hepatitis B∗ |
NanoBio Corporation |
| CpG | TLR9 agonist | Intramuscular | Malaria | Coley |
| LT | Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin | Intranasal | TB | Novartis |
| Montanide™ ISA720 | Water-in-oil emulsion | Intramuscular | Malaria Cancer |
Seppic |
| Resiquimod | TLR7/8 agonist | Intramuscular | Melanoma | 3M |
|
ISCOM™ (with antigen included) ISCOMATRIX™ (without antigen) |
Lipids, cholesterol, saponin in a cage-like structure | Intramuscular | Alzheimer's disease | CSL Behring |
| IC31™ | TLR9 agonist and targets antigen to APC | Intramuscular | Influenza | Intercell |
| Mid-stage development (Phase II) | ||||
|
ISCOM™ (with antigen included) ISCOMATRIX™ (without antigen) |
Lipids, cholesterol, saponin in a cage-like structure | Intramuscular | Influenza Melanoma HCV |
CSL Behring |
| Flagellin (conjugated with antigen) | TLR5 agonist | Intramuscular | Influenza | VaxInnate |
| IC31™ | TLR9 agonist and targets antigen to APC | Intramuscular | TB | Intercell |
| MF59™ | Squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion | Intramuscular | CMV | Novartis |
| AS01 | Liposome, lipopolysaccharide derivative (MPL) and saponin (QS21) | Intramuscular | TB HIV |
GSK Biologicals |
| Late-stage development (Phase III) | ||||
| ISS | TLR9 agonist | Intramuscular | HBV | Dynavax |
| AS01 | Liposome, lipopolysaccharide derivative (MPL) and saponin (QS21) | Intramuscular | Malaria | GSK Biologicals |
| AS03 | α-tocopherol and squalene in an oil-in-water emulsion | Intramuscular | Influenza | GSK Biologicals |
| AS04 | Lipopolysaccharide derivative (MPL) and aluminium salt | Intramuscular | HSV | GSK Biologicals |
| AS15 | Liposome, lipopolysaccharide derivative (MPL), saponin (QS21) and TLR9 agonist (CpG) | Intramuscular | Lung cancer Melanoma |
GSK Biologicals |
| Montanide™ ISA51 | Water-in-oil emulsion | Intramuscular | Cancer | Seppic |
| MF59™∗∗ | Squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion | Intramuscular | Influenza | Novartis |
| MPL | Lipopolysaccharide derivative | Subcutaneous | Non-small-cell lung cancer | Merck |
TLR, Toll-like receptor; TB, tuberculosis; APC, antigen-presenting cell; HCV, hepatitis C virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; MPL, monophosphoryl lipid A; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; EU, European Union. Every effort has been made to verify the information in the above table. The information included is not meant to be exhaustive but is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter.
∗
National Institutes of Health funding received for Phase I trials – FDA approval pending as of April 2010.
∗∗
MF59™ adjuvanted influenza vaccines has been approved in the EU and not in the USA