Table 1.
Activities of catechins and their applications
| Catechin activity | Application | References |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-oxidant activities | Maximising the efficacy of anti-oxidants and catechins in new substances | D’Urso et al. 2018, Gallego et al. 2017, Spizzirri et al. 2009, Nadim et al. 2014, Feng et al. 2014, Feng et al. 2013, Zhong and Shahidi 2011, Muhammad et al. 2014, Li and Seeram 2018, Choi et al. 2018, Shoko et al. 2018, Lima et al. 2016 |
| UV protection | Improve the stability of catechins in sunlight and increase the UV protection effect | Zhang et al. 2016, Yoshino et al. 2013, Niu et al. 2017, Huang et al. 2007, Martincigh and Ollengo 2016, Parisi et al. 2012, Kim et al. 2012, Xia et al. 2005 |
| Anti-microbial activities | Demonstrates anti-microbial activity and develops pharmaceuticals and functional cosmetics | de Oliveira et al. 2017, Aoshima et al. 2009, Goyal et al. 2017 |
| Anti-allergenic and anti-inflammatory activities | Has an anti-allergenic component and anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity | Ohmori et al. 1995, Marques et al. 2018, Foyet et al. 2015, Magalhães et al. 2009 |
| Anti-viral activities | Shows anti-influenza activity and interferes with cell infiltration and attachment of herpes simplex virus | Ide et al. 2014, Cheng 2006 |
| Anti-cancer activities | Extract from Lawsonia inermis (Henna) can inhibit proliferation of cancer cells | Kumar et al. 2016 |
| Activation of skin barrier passage | Various methods have enhanced the skin penetration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) anti-oxidants | Puri et al. 2016, Zillich et al. 2013, dal Belo et al. 2009, Kadhum et al. 2017, Bombardelli 1991, Arct et al. 2002, Yang et al. 2015c, Wisuitiprot et al. 2011 |
| Promoting cell activities | Effective for low cytotoxicity and anti-melanin production and improves reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell viability and cell proliferation | Kim et al. 2015, Kim et al. 2018 |
| Sludge utilisation | Anti-oxidant components were extracted from various sludge, suggesting that they could be developed into foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals | Aires et al. 2016, Magalhães et al. 2015, Reis et al. 2016, Kosińska et al. 2012, Arruda et al. 2017, Hernández-Hernández et al. 2018, Sharma et al. 2013, Demoliner et al. 2018, Oliveira et al. 2013 |
| Stability | Aspects exploited for improving stability include sunlight, oxidation, compound stability, and collagen stabilisation | Scalia et al. 2013, Ferreira-Nunes et al. 2018, Jang et al. 2014, Bianchi et al. 2011, Madhan et al. 2005, Gallego et al. 2017 |
| Relatively stable at low pH and the extraction efficiency of anti-oxidants was high | Tsuchiya et al. 1997, Jang et al. 2014 | |
| Tissue biopsy culture model | Demonstrated efficacy in vivo and vitro culture models | Sidgwick et al. 2016, Ow and Stupans 2003, Yuki et al. 2013, Moulton et al. 2010 |
| Safety for human applications | In vivo experiments demonstrate safety | Takahashi et al. 1999, Moulton et al. 2010 |
| Anti-oxidant properties of catechins used for other applications | Dyes, packaging materials, nanoparticles, and biocompatibility | Im and Jeon 2016, Iñiguez-Franco et al. 2012, Kim 2011, Jeon et al. 2009, Rojas et al. 2005, Jackson et al. 2010 |
| Synergistic effect by extraction method and process | Chemical modification, molecular interaction mechanisms, hydrogen bonding, and nanoparticle treatment increase efficiency | Ferreira-Nunes et al. 2017, Magalhães et al. 2016, Cruz et al. 2015, Yang et al. 2015a, Chen et al. 2010, Yang et al. 2015b, Niu et al. 2017, Klein et al. 2012, Skowyra et al. 2013, Arruda et al. 2019 |