Fig. 2.

The common principles of past and present preventive approaches in industrial veterinary medicine. 1- Ploufragan hexagon: animal health is dependent on six variables (Tillon 1980). This famous diagram represents the way animal health (and economic performance of the farm) is conceived within the ecopathological framework: it is correlated to six variables, namely the farmer, the animal, housing, feeding, microbes and husbandry practices. At that time, it was considered quite innovative to claim that veterinary expertise should take into consideration all these aspects and not just focusing on animals and microbes (Fortané 2017). 2- Prevention campaign against antibiotic misuse in pig farming, 2014. This poster used in the AMR campaign perfectly reproduces the six “ecopathological” variables (here referred to as the six “pillars” of animal health). It says: “No more antibiotics than needed. With my vet, I manage the health of my animals while limiting the use of antibiotics”. This poster therefore illustrates how preventive approaches within veterinary medicine are deemed to be a solution to reduce antimicrobial use