Table 1.
Functional and nutrient compositions of barley grains.
| Composition | Kernel position | Mean ± SD | Range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-glucan (%) | Whole grains | 4.61 ± 0.45 | 2.40~11.00 | [21, 29, 39] |
|
| ||||
| Resistant starch (%) | Whole grains | 3.63 ± 2.32 | 0.2~24.0 | [73–75] |
|
| ||||
| Arabinoxylan (%) | Endosperms | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 0.53~0.90 | [55] |
| Barley bran | 4.66 ± 3.35 | 1.97~8.42 | [29, 30] | |
| Grains flour | 1.31 ± 0.73 | 0.70~2.13 | [29, 30] | |
|
| ||||
| Polyphenols (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 231.61 ± 34.26 | 150.0~300.0 | [37, 118] |
| Barley bran | 421.84 ± 24.46 | 376.1~443.5 | [30] | |
| Grains flour | 140.41 ± 10.21 | 129.9~160.7 | [30] | |
|
| ||||
| Phenolic acids (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 414.70 ± 32.86 | 336.29~453.94 | [39] |
|
| ||||
| Total flavones (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 80.64 ± 17.15 | 37.93~236.91 | [37, 39, 75] |
|
| ||||
| Flavonoids (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 12.51 ± 10.14 | 6.20~30.08 | [18] |
|
| ||||
| Catechin (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 2.25 ± 0.94 | 0.90~4.27 | [18, 227] |
|
| ||||
| Quercetin (mg/100 g) | Purple grains | 3.51 ± 2.24 | 2.00~6.08 | [18, 227] |
|
| ||||
| Kaempferol (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 3.66 ± 14.87 | 1.27~6.31 | [18, 227] |
|
| ||||
| Myricetin (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 11.07 ± 22.25 | 0~73.30 | [227] |
|
| ||||
| Total alkaloid (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 25.96 ± 1.41 | 6.36~44.63 | [228] |
|
| ||||
| Total anthocyanin (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 35.50 ± 23.82 | 4.9~103.7 | [229] |
| Barley bran | 256.05 ± 137.67 | 158~353.4 | [54] | |
| Refined flours | 39.15 ± 25.67 | 21.0~57.3 | [54] | |
|
| ||||
| Proanthocyanidin (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 6.97 ± 3.84 | 1.58~13.18 | [18] |
|
| ||||
| Total tocols (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 5.85 ± 3.51 | 0.85~12.49 | [21, 66, 70, 71] |
|
| ||||
| Antioxidant activity (%) | Whole grains | 41.55 ± 7.82 | 24.10~82.00 | [37] |
|
| ||||
| GABA (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 8.00 ± 3.92 | 0.10~30.67 | [75] |
|
| ||||
| Protein % | Whole grains | 14.92 ± 0.13 | 9.51~20.46 | [135] |
|
| ||||
| Folates (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 71.24 ± 16.62 | 51.8~103.3 | [18, 23] |
|
| ||||
| Phytosterols (mg/100 g) | Whole grains | 91.13 ± 21.14 | 76.1~115.3 | [18] |
|
| ||||
| P (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 2,592.9 ± 1,045.5 | 936~6538 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| K (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 4,801.7 ± 1,839.2 | 207~9162 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| Ca (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 568.3 ± 235.1 | 68.4~1150.0 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| Mg (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 1,249.8 ± 392.7 | 308.4~2164.0 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| Fe (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 52.7 ± 31.3 | 8.8~156.1 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| Zn (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 39.5 ± 15.5 | 9.4~76.2 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| Cu (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 14.1 ± 10.3 | 0.6~68.0 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| Mn (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 29.3 ± 24.8 | 5.8~120.0 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| Na (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 190.5 ± 104.7 | 6.7~611.5 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| S (mg/kg) | Whole grains | 1,505.2 ± 262.8 | 686.0~2363.5 | [24] |
|
| ||||
| ABTS-IR50 (g/L) | Grain alkaline extract polysaccharide | 2.12 ± 0.35 | 1.74~2.84 | [17] |
| ABTS-TEAC (mg/g) | 8.94 ± 1.34 | 6.50~10.61 | [17] | |
| FRAP (μmol/g) | 90.58 ± 21.61 | 51.1~131.1 | [17] | |
| ORAC (μmol/g) | 380.28 ± 161.24 | 147.81~652.46 | [17] | |
|
| ||||
| ABTS-IR50 (g/L) | Grain water extract polysaccharide | 10.59 ± 1.69 | 7.41~13.43 | [17] |
| ABTS-TEAC (mg/g) | 1.79 ± 0.31 | 1.37~2.49 | [17] | |
| FRAP (μmol/g) | 32.14 ± 9.35 | 15.80~41.80 | [17] | |
| ORAC (μmol/g) | 206.49 ± 106.83 | 71.49~396.57 | [17] | |
ABTS = 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt; ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TEAC = Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; FRAP = Ferric reducing antioxidant power.