Table 2.

Functional ingredients of barley grass and grains for similar preventive chronic disease.

Preventive chronic disease	Functional ingredients in grass [6]	Functional ingredients in grains	References in grains
Antidiabetes	Saponarin; dietary fibre, Ca; AMP-activated protein kinase, polyamines; GABA; SOD	β-glucan; phenolic compounds; polysaccharide; tocols; phytosterols, resistant starch	[18, 83, 84, 129, 165]
Hypolipidemic effects or antiobesity	Saponarin; α-tocopherol; 2″-O-glycosyl isovitexin, polysaccharide	β-glucan, resistant starch, tocols, dietary fiber, polyphenols, polysaccharide, phytosterols	[18, 36, 91, 92, 94–96, 163]
Anticancer	Alkaline, flavonoids, chlorophyll; tricin; SOD	β-glucan, phenolics, arabinoxylan, phytosterols, lignan, resistant starch	[62, 100, 102, 103, 111, 155]
Antioxidation	Chlorophyll; lutonarin, saponarin; isoorientin, orientin; γ-tocopherol, glutathione; SOD, flavonoid, GABA	Polyphenols, phenolics, anthocyanin, VE, tocotrienol, polysaccharide, GABA	[17, 33, 38, 54, 105–107, 150]
Anti-inflammation	Chlorophyll; saponarin; SOD; GABA; tryptophan	β-Glucans, vanillic acid, lignans, arabinoxylan	[110–113]
Immunomodulation	Arabinoxylan; polysaccharide; GABA	β-Glucans, arabinoxylan	[114, 115]
Cardioprotection	K, GABA	β-d-glucan	[116]
Blood pressure regulation	Saponarin; lutonarin, K, Ca; GABA	β-Glucans	[98, 121]
Bowel health	Dietary fiber	β-Glucans, dietary fiber	[122, 123]
Improve gastrointestinal	Dietary fiber; selenium; GABA	β-Glucans	[122]
Hepatoprotection	Saponarin; SOD; GABA,	β-Glucans, phenolics, pentosan	[118, 129, 130]
Cardiovascular disease prevention	Saponarin; tryptophan; vitamins (A,B1, C,E), SOD; K, Ca; GABA	β-Glucans, arabinoxylan, polyphenols, phytosterols, lignans, tocols, folate	[17, 18, 98]
Atopic dermatitis alleviation	GABA, SOD	GABA, extract P	[138, 139]
Antiaging	Excavate functional components	Excavate functional components	[18]