TABLE 25.3.

Mechanisms and Examples of Viral Immune Evasion

Mechanism	Example
Interference with viral antigen processing and presentation	HSV (ICP47), EBV (EBNA-1), HIV (Nef, Tat), HPV (E5), CMV (UL6)
Evasion of NK cell function	HIV (Nef), EBV (EBNA-1), CMV (UL40, UL18)
Inhibition of cell apoptosis	Adenovirus (RID complex and E1B), HIV (Nef), EBV (BHRF-1)
Destruction of T cells	HIV
Interference with antiviral cytokines and chemokines	EBV (IL-10 homologue), CMV(US28 chemokine receptor homologue), vaccinia virus (IL-18-binding protein), HIV (Tat chemokine activity)
Inhibition of complement action	HSV, pox viruses
Inhibition of DC maturation	HSV, vaccinia virus
Frequent antigenic variation	Influenza virus, HIV
Infection of immune privileged site	Measles virus, VZV and HSV (neurons)
Immune exhaustion	HIV, HCV, HBV

CMV, cytomegalovirus; DC, dendritic cell; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IL-18, interleukin-18; NK, natural killer; RID, receptor internalization and degradation; VZV, varicella-zoster virus.