Table 5-10.
Spectrum of Infectious AgentsaRecovered in Human Milk and Their Possible Role in Infections in the Neonate
| Agent in Milk |
Effect on Breast-Fed Neonateb |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Seroconversion | Replication of Agent with Illness | Replication of Agent without Illness | |
| Rubella virus | ++ (25–30) | 0 | ++ (56) |
| Cytomegalovirus | + | ± | ++ (58) |
| Hepatitis B virus | – | ? | ++ |
| Hepatitis C virus | – | – | – |
| Varicella-zoster virus | ? | ? | ? |
| West Nile virus | ± | ± | ± |
| Herpes simplex virus | – | + | – |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | + | ± | ++ |
| Tumor viruses | – | – | + |
| HTLV-1 | + | ± | + |
| HTLV-2 | + | ± | + |
| Coxiella burnetii | – | – | – |
| Streptococcus species | – | ± | + |
| Staphylococcus species | – | ± | + |
| Enterotoxin | – | – | – |
| Mycobacterium species | – | – | – |
| Salmonella species | – | – | ++ |
| Escherichia coli | – | – | + |
| HTLV, human T-lymphotropic virus. | |||
a
All agents listed can be rendered noninfectious by heat inactivation at 62.5° C.
b
+ to ++, modest to strong evidence; ±, presumptive evidence; ?, inconclusive data; –, not known; 0, absent; ( ), percentage of subjects reported.