Table 134.2.
Parasites Associated with Respiratory Illness
| Parasite | Distribution |
|---|---|
| Nematodes | |
| Roundworms | |
| Ascaris spp. | Worldwide |
| Toxocara canis and T. cati | Worldwide |
| Hookworm | |
| Necator americanus | Southeast Asia, West and Central Africa |
| Ancyclostoma duodenale | South Europe, North Africa, India, China, Japan |
| A. caninum | South United States, Mexico, Africa, Asia, South America |
| Necator brasiliense | South America, Caribbean |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | Worldwide |
| Trichinella spiralis | Worldwide |
| Filaria | |
| Loa loa | West and Central Africa |
| Wuchereria bancrofti | Pacific, Asia, Africa, China, Americas |
| Brugia malayi | Southeast Asia |
| Dirofilaria immitis | Southeast Asia, America, South Africa, Australia |
| Other nematodes | |
| Gnathostoma spinigerum | India, Philippines, Thailand |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | Worldwide |
| Trichinella spiralis | Worldwide |
| Trematodes | |
| Schistosomes | |
| Schistosoma mansoni | Africa, South Arabia, South America, Caribbean |
| S. haematobium | Africa, Middle East |
| S. japonicum | Far East |
| S. intercalatum | West and Central Africa |
| Lung flukes | |
| Paragonimus westermanii | Far East, China, Japan, Philippines |
| P. africanus | Africa |
| P. caliensis | South and Central America |
| Cestodes | |
| Hydatid disease | |
| Echinococcus granulosus | Australia, Africa, South America (endemic) |
| E. multilocularis | Worldwide |
| Pentastomes | |
| Linguatula serrata | Worldwide |
| Armillifer sp. | Worldwide |
| Protozoa | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Worldwide |
| Plasmodium falciparum | Africa, South and Central America, Asia |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Worldwide |
| Leishmania donovani | Africa, Middle East, South America, Asia |
| Other | |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii | Worldwide |
(Modified from Savani DM, Sharma OP. Eosinophilic lung disease in the tropics. Clin Chest Med. 2002;23:377.)