Table 1.
Characteristic of study participants according to subjects with obesity/overweight and without obesity/overweight
| Variable | BMI (Kg/m2) | P | WC (cm) | P | WHtR | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥25 | ≤24.9 | ≥80 | < 80 | ≥0.50 | < 0.50 | ||||
| Age (years) | 38.1 ± 10.7 | 34.6 ± 11.2 | 0.01 | 39.5 ± 10.2 | 33.9 ± 11.1 | < 0.001 | 39.3 ± 10.7 | 33.3 ± 10.7 | < 0.001 |
| Parity | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 0.008 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | 3.9 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Household Size | 9.6 ± 5.1 | 10.8 ± 6.3 | 0.09 | 9.8 ± 5.3 | 10.8 ± 6.3 | 0.2 | 9.9 ± 5.6 | 10.8 ± 6.1 | 0.3 |
| Asset scorec | 54.4 ± 4.4 | 52.8 ± 3.9 | 0.003 | 54.7 ± 4.7 | 52.6 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 | 53.9 ± 4.5 | 52.8 ± 3.8 | 0.03 |
|
Energy intake (kcal/day) |
2154.9 ± 663.7 | 2048.1 ± 694.7 | 0.2 | 2303.3 ± 677.5 | 1976.1 ± 665.4 | < 0.001 | 2223.9 ± 672.8 | 1990.5 ± 679.8 | 0.005 |
| Physical Activitya | |||||||||
| Low | 35(59.3) | 24(40.7) | 38(64.4) | 21(35.6) | 46(78.0) | 13(22.0) | |||
| Moderate | 42(26.9) | 114(73.1) | < 0.001 | 42(26.9) | 114(73.1) | < 0.001 | 52(33.3) | 104(66.7) | < 0.001 |
| High | 12(19.4) | 50(80.6) | 10(16.1) | 52(83.9) | 11(17.7) | 51(82.3) | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Dagomba | 68(30.9) | 152(69.1) | 0.2 | 68(30.9) | 152(69.1) | 0.1 | 84(38.2) | 136(61.8) | 0.4 |
| Minorityb | 21(36.8) | 36(63.2) | 22(38.6) | 35(61.4) | 25(43.9) | 32(56.1) | |||
| Marital Status | |||||||||
| Married | 83(33.6) | 164(66.4) | 0.09 | 84(34.0) | 163(66.0) | 0.08 | 103(41.7) | 144(58.3) | 0.02 |
| Single | 6(20.0) | 24(80.0) | 6(20.0) | 24(80.0) | 6(20.0) | 24(80.0) | |||
| Woman Education | |||||||||
| No formal Education | 59(35.5) | 107(64.5) | 64(38.6) | 102(61.4) | 74(44.6) | 92(55.4) | |||
| Primary/Middle/JHS | 12(21.1) | 45(78.9) | 0.01 | 11(19.3) | 46(80.7) | 0.02 | 13(22.8) | 44(77.2) | 0.01 |
| SHS/Tertiary | 18(33.3) | 36(66.7) | 15(27.8) | 39(72.2) | 22(40.7) | 32(59.3) | |||
| Husband Education | |||||||||
| No formal Education | 46(35.4) | 84(64.6) | 45(34.6) | 85(65.4) | 58(44.6) | 72(55.4) | |||
| Primary/Middle/JHS | 6(10.0) | 54(90.0) | < 0.001 | 8(13.3) | 52(86.7) | < 0.001 | 8(13.3) | 52(86.7) | < 0.001 |
| SHS/Tertiary | 32(56.1) | 25(43.9) | 32(56.1) | 25(43.9) | 38(66.7) | 19(33.3) | |||
| Occupation of woman | |||||||||
| Farmer | 16(38.1) | 26(61.9) | 12(28.6) | 99(71.4) | 15(35.7) | 27(64.3) | |||
| Trader | 48(31.6) | 104(68.4) | 53(34.9) | 99(65.1) | 68(44.7) | 84(55.3) | |||
| Salary/Service Sector | 9(29.0) | 22(71.0) | 0.8 | 6(19.4) | 25(80.6) | 0.3 | 8(25.8) | 23(74.2) | 0.1 |
| Housewife | 16(30.8) | 36(69.2) | 19(36.5) | 33(63.5) | 18(34.6) | 34(65.4) | |||
| Occupation of husband | |||||||||
| Farmer | 29(33.0) | 59(67.0) | 26(29.5) | 62(70.5) | 33(37.5) | 55(62.5) | |||
| Salary/Service Sector | 21(28.4) | 43(71.6) | 0.3 | 21(28.4) | 53(71.6) | 0.07 | 27(36.5) | 47(63.5) | 0.1 |
| Trader | 33(38.8) | 52(61.2) | 37(43.5) | 48(56.5) | 43(50.6) | 42(49.4) | |||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and number (%)
a; Low (<600MET-minuts/week); Moderate (≥600 but < 3000 MET- minutes/week); High (≥3000 MET-minutes/weeks), p-trend (p); Test of trend was conducted using ANOVA with contrast function for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. P < 0·05 was considered as statistically significant
bGonja, gurusi, zambarama, Moshi, JHS (Junior High School); SHS (Senior High School, g/d: gram per day
cAn ad hoc index of household asset score was computed from basically number of assets possessed from a list of items provided. A score of 1 point was given for an item owned. As for the main source of cooking energy, drinking water and toilet facility, 1 point was given for unimproved source and 2 points awarded for improved sources. The total score range was from 37 to 74 with higher scores suggesting enhanced economic strength. WC Waist circumference, BMI Body Mass Index, WHtR Waist to Height Ratio