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. 2020 Apr 11;17:110. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01777-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Restriction of neurotoxic iron accumulation ameliorates GA-induced cognitive deficits in the adolescent rats and aged mice. a Escape latency during the spatial training of MWM for 5 consecutive days. Rat pups received different treatments including GA or/and DFP exposure daily for three consecutive days from PND 6 to PND 8. The MWM tests were performed at PND 60. b Representative swimming trajectory of the rats. c Time spent in the target quadrant, d crossing platform times, and e swim speed in the probe trial of MWM. f Freezing time to context and g freezing time to tone in the fear conditioning tests. The fear conditioning tests for the aged mice were performed 24 h after GA exposure. a–e for adolescent rats; f and g for aged mice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 12 animals/group); *p < 0.05 compared with Con group; ^#p < 0.05 compared with the GA (Ket or Sev) group