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. 2016 Oct 14:179–200. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800886-7.00015-7

Table 15.1.

Chronological List of Emerged Infectious Agents/Diseases 1967–1992

Year Agent Agent characteristics Disease CDC molecular test name (test code)a FDA-approved/cleared molecular test (manufacturer)b Reference
1967 Marburg virus

  • Enveloped, single-stranded, negative sense

  • RNA filovirus

 Hemorrhagic fever Marburg Identification (CDC-10349) NA 1–5
1969 Lassa virus Enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented, ambisense RNA arenavirus Hemorrhagic fever Lassa Fever Identification (CDC-10343) NA 1,6–8
1972 Norovirus Nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA, viruses in the Caliciviridae family Gastroenteritis Norovirus Molecular Detection (CDC-10357), Norovirus Genotyping (CDC-10356), Norovirus Molecular Detection and Genotyping (CDC-10358) NA 9
1973 Rotavirus Double-stranded RNA virus. Five groups (A, B, C, D, and E); group A is the main human pathogen Gastroenteritis Rotavirus Molecular Detection and Genotyping (CDC-10410), Rotavirus Genotyping (CDC-10409) NA 10–12
1975 Parvovirus B19 Nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus Fifth disease or erythema infectiosum Parvovirus B19 Molecular Detection (CDC-10363) NA 13–15
1976 Vibrio vulnificus Gram-negative, motile, curved, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Vibrio Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and a blistering, cellulitis or septicemia

  • Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Related Organisms Study (CDC-10121),

  • Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Related Organisms Identification (CDC-10120),

  • Vibrio Subtyping (CDC-10122)

 NA 16,17
1976 Cryptosporidium parvum A protozoan Cryptosporidiosis with symptoms including acute, watery, and nonbloody diarrhea Cryptosporidium Special Study (CDC-10491) NA 18–20
1977 Ebola virus Enveloped, linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA filovirus Hemorrhagic fever Ebola Identification (CDC-10309) FilmArray Biothreat-E test. Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) (Idaho Technology, Inc.) 2,5
1977 Clostridium difficile A gram-positive bacterium Colitis, diarrhea

  • Clostridium difficile Identification (CDC-10228),

  • Clostridium difficile Outbreak Strain Typing (CDC-10229)

  • ICEPlex C. difficile Kit (PrimeraDx),

  • IMDx C. difficile for Abbott m2000 (Intelligent Medical Devices, Inc.),

  • BD Diagnostics BD MAX Cdiff Assay, (GeneOhm Sciences Canada Inc.),

  • Quidel Molecular Direct C. difficile Assay, (Quidel Corporation),

  • Verigene C. difficile Nucleic acid Test (Nanosphere, Inc.),

  • Portrait Toxigenic C. difficile Assay (Great Basin Scientific, Inc.),

  • Simplexa C. difficile Universal Direct Assay (Focus Diagnostics, Inc.),

  • Xpert C. difficile/Epi (Cepheid),

  • Illumigene C. difficile DNA Amplification Assay (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.), llumigene C. difficile Assay (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.),

  • Xpert C. difficile (Cepheid),

  • ProGastro Cd Assay (Prodesse, Inc.),

  • BD GeneOhm Cdiff Assay (BD Diagnostics/GeneOhm Sciences, Inc.)

 21–23
1977 Legionella pneumophila A thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, non-spore forming, gram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella Legionnaires’ disease

  • Legionella species Identification and Typing (CDC-10159),

  • Legionella species Molecular Detection (CDC-10160),

  • Legionella species Study (CDC-10161)

 NA 24,25
1977 Hantaan virus Single-stranded, enveloped, negative sense RNA viruses in the Bunyaviridae family Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) Pathologic Evaluation of Unexplained Illness Due to Possible Infectious Etiology (CDC-10372) NA 26,27
1977 Hepatitis delta virus A small circular enveloped RNA virus Superimposed on conditions of hepatitis with HBV Hepatitis D Serology, NAT, and Genotyping (CDC-10328) NA 28,29
1977 Campylobacter sp. (or jejuni) Curved, helical-shaped, non-spore forming, gram-negative, and microaerophilic bacteria Campylobacteriosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

  • Campylobacter and Helicobacter Study (CDC-10125),

  • Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Related Organisms Identification (CDC-10126),

  • Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Related Organisms Identification and Subtyping (CDC-10127)

 NA 30,31
1979 Cyclospora cayetanensis An apicomplexan, cyst-forming coccidian protozoan Cyclosporiasis, gastroenteritis Cyclospora Molecular Detection (CDC-10477) NA 32,33
1980 HTLV-1 A retrovirus of the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) family Adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-I-associated myelopathy, uveitis, Strongyloides stercoralis hyper-infection Pathologic Evaluation of Unexplained Illness Due to Possible Infectious Etiology (CDC-10372) NA 34–37
1981 Staphylococcus aureus toxin Exotoxins secreted by S. aureus that are compact, ellipsoidal proteins sharing a characteristic folding pattern with superantigen Toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1) (CDC-10426) NA 38–40
1982 Borrelia burgdorferi A bacterial species of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia Lyme disease

  • Borrelia Culture and Identification (CDC-10299),

  • Borrelia Special Study (CDC-10300)

 NA 41,42
1982 Escherichia coli O157:H7 An enterohemorrhagic serotype of the bacterium E. coli Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) Escherichia and Shigella Identification, Serotyping, and Virulence Profiling (CDC-10114), Bacterial Select Agent Identification and AST (CDC-10224) NA 43,44
1983 HIV-1 A lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

  • HIV Molecular Surveillance Study (International Only) (CDC-10332),

  • HIV-1 Drug Resistance Special Study (International Only) (CDC-10334),

  • HIV-1 Genotype Drug Resistance (International Only) (CDC-10335),

  • HIV-1 Nucleic Acid Amplification (Qualitative) (CDC-10275),

  • HIV-1 Nucleic Acid Amplification (Viral Load) (CDC-10276),

  • HIV-1 PCR (International Only) Qualitative (CDC-10336),

  • HIV-1 PCR (International Only) Quantitative Viral Load (CDC-10337)

  • Abbott RealTime HIV-1 Assay (Abbott Molecular, Inc.),

  • COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test (Roche Molecular Systems),

  • APTIMA HIV-1 RNA Qualitative Assay (Gen-Probe, Inc.),

  • ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System (Abbott Molecular, Inc.), TRUGENEHIV-1 genotyping Kit and OpenGeneDNA Sequencing System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics)

 45,46
1983 Helicobacter pylori A gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, gastric cancer Helicobacter pylori Special Study (CDC-10117) NA 47,48
1984 Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius Phylogenetically the same as H. influenzae, a gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family Acute and often purulent conjunctivitis (pink eye)

  • Haemophilus influenzae Identification and Serotyping (CDC-10221),

  • Haemophilus influenzae Study (CDC-10222),

  • Haemophilus species (Not H. influenzae/H. ducreyi) ID (DC-10141)

 NA 49,50
1985 Enterocytozoon bieneusi A unicellular, obligate intracellular eukaryote, a species of the order microsporida Diarrhea

  • Microsporidia Molecular Identification (CDC-10481),

  • Enteric Isolation—Primary Specimen (CDC-10106)

 NA 20,51
1986 Chlamydophila pneumoniae An obligate intracellular bacterium in the species of Chlamydophila Pneumonia Chlamydophila pneumoniae Molecular Detection (CDC-10152) FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RP) (Idaho Technology, Inc.) 52,53
1988 Human herpesvirus 6 Double-stranded DNA virus within the betaherpesvirinae subfamily and of the genus Roseolovirus Neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, exanthem subitum (also known as roseola infantum or sixth disease), and encephalitis, bone marrow suppression and pneumonitis in transplant recipients Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV6) Detection and Subtyping (CDC-10266) NA 54,55
1989 Rickettsia japonica A genus of nonmotile, gram-negative, non-spore forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria Japanese spotted fever

  • Rickettsia Molecular Detection (CDC-10402),

  • Rickettsia Special Study (CDC-10405)

 NA 56,57
1989 Hepatitis C virus A small, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Serology, NAT and Genotyping (CDC-10327) Abbott RealTime HCV Genotype II (Abbott Molecular, Inc.), Abbott Realtime HCV Assay (Abbott Molecular, Inc.), COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV test (Roche Molecular Systems), Versant HCV 3.0 Assay (bDNA) (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics), Versant HCV RNA Qualitative Assay (Gen-Probe, Inc.), COBAS AMPLICOR Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.), AMPLICOR HCV Test, v2.0 (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.) 58,59
1990 Hepatitis E virus A single-stranded positive-sense RNA, nonenveloped Hepatitis Hepatitis E Serology, NAT and Genotyping (CDC-10329) NA 60,61
1990 Balamuthia mandrillaris A free-living leptomyxid amoeba Amoebiasis including granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)

  • Balamuthia Molecular Detection (CDC-10474),

  • Ameba Identification (Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Naegleria) (CDC-10286)

 NA 62,63
1990 Human herpesvirus 7 A member of Betaherpesviridae, a subfamily of the Herpesviridae Exanthema subitum, acute febrile diseases Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV7) Detection (CDC-10267) NA 64,65
1991 Guanarito virus Enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented RNA viruses with ambisense genomes Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Pathologic Evaluation of Unexplained Illness Due to Possible Infectious Etiology (CDC-10372) NA 66,67
1991 Encephalitozoon hellem A unicellular, intracellular microsporidian species Keratoconjunctivitis, infection of respiratory and genitourinary tract, and disseminated infection Microsporidia Molecular Identification (CDC-10481) NA 68,69
1991 Ehrlichia chaffeensis An obligately intracellular gram-negative rickettsial bacterium Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis

  • Anaplasma and Ehrlichia Molecular Detection (CDC-10290),

  • Anaplasma and Ehrlichia Special Study (CDC-10291)

 NA 70–72

NA, not available.

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a

CDC molecular test name (test code) are available from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention Test Directory, http://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/specimen-submission/list.html#M (last accessed 12/19/2014).

b

FDA-approved/cleared molecular test (manufacturer) are available from the US Food and Drug Administration at http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/InVitroDiagnostics/ucm330711.htm (last accessed 12/19/2014).