Table 5.

The effect of curcumin on plasma concentration of small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL particle number, and LDL particle size

Author, Year	Intervention	Dose per day	Treatment duration	Subjects	Method of assessment	Main outcomes	Final effects of specific diet ingredients or nutraceuticals on LDL (number, size and concentration)
Panahi et al. 2014 [97]	Curcuminoids- piperine	1000 mg/day + 10 mg piperine	8 weeks	117 metabolic syndrome patients	Immuno turbidimetric (sdLDL) methods with commercial kits	sdLDL levels significantly decreased in intervention group compared with baseline (− 2.73) and significant differences were observed between the two groups.	Small dense LDL↓
Moohebati et al. 2014 [108]	Curcuminoids- piperine	1000 mg/day + 5 mg piperine	4 weeks + 2 week washout phase	30 obese dyslipidemic subjects	Immunoturbidimetric assay	No significant change in sdLDL concentrations was observed after taking curcumin supplementation compared with placebo and baseline.	Small dense LDL —

sdLDL small dense Low-Density Lipoprotein, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg milligrams