Table 3.4.
Tregs in helminth infections
| Filarial nematodes | ||
| Brugia malayi | Induces Foxp3 expression, including in DO11.10 T cells | McSorley et al. (2008) |
| Brugia pahangi | CD25 depletion raises Th2 response | Gillan and Devaney (2005) |
| Litomosoides sigmodontis | Tregs maintain infection through CTLA-4 and inhibit allergy | Dittrich et al., 2008, Taylor et al., 2005, Taylor et al., 2007 |
| Onchocerca volvulus | TGF-β-producing clones from human infection site | Doetze et al. (2000) |
| Wuchereria bancrofti | Raised FOXP3+ T cells in infected patients | Babu et al. (2006) |
| Intestinal nematodes | ||
| Enterobius vermicularis | High FOXP3 expression in uninflamed mucosa of UC patient | Büning et al. (2008) |
| Heligmosomoides polygyrus | De novo induction of Tregs; Tregs reduce intestinal pathology, suppress Th2 response and bystander airway allergy | Finney et al., 2007, Grainger et al., 2010, Rausch et al., 2008, Rausch et al., 2009, Wilson et al., 2005 |
| Strongyloides ratti | Treg depletion reduces worm burden | Blankenhaus et al. (2011) |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | In HTLV-1 co-infection, excessive FOXP3+ Tregs, suppression of IL-5 and high worm burdens | Montes et al. (2009) |
| Toxocara canis | Tissue-migrating larvae induce Foxp3 in mice | Othman et al. (2010) |
| Trichinella spiralis | IL-10− Tregs restrain Th2 responses | Beiting et al. (2007) |
| Trichuris muris | IL-10− Tregs restrain Th2 responses | D'Elia et al. (2009) |
| Trematodes (flatworms) | ||
| Fasciola hepatica | Infection induces IL-10 and TGF-β from Tr1-like Tregs | Walsh et al. (2007) |
| Schistosoma haematobium | FOXP3+ Tregs correlate with infection intensity in children | Nausch et al. (2011) |
| Schistosoma japonicum | Egg antigens stimulate CD25+ suppression of airway allergy | Yang et al. (2007b) |
| Treg induction via TLR2 ligation to HSP60 peptide | Wang et al. (2009) | |
| Anti-CD25 treatment reduces worm load | Tang et al. (2011) | |
| Schistosoma mansoni | IL-10− Tregs elevated CD103+, dampen IL-4 responses to eggs | Baumgart et al. (2006) |
| IL-10+ CD25+ Tregs control pathology, dampen Th1 allowing Th2 to expand |
Hesse et al. (2004); McKee and Pearce (2004) |
|
| CD25+ Tregs expand through TLR2 to control pathology, upregulating CD103, CTLA4, and many other genes | Layland et al., 2007, Layland et al., 2010 | |
| Tregs induced by eggs, inhibit Th1 | Taylor et al. (2006) | |
| Foxp3 expression decreases following chemotherapeutic cure | Watanabe et al. (2007) | |
| Pathology patients have fewer CD25high Tregs | Teixeira-Carvalho et al. (2008) | |
| Cestodes (tapeworms) | ||
| Echinococcus multilocularis | Peritoneal T cells express high Foxp3 | Mejri et al. (2011) |