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. 2009 Jun 5:374–418. doi: 10.1016/B978-072160561-6.50021-6

Table 18-29.

Systemic Causes of Neuroophthalmic Disorders in Horses and Cattle

DISORDER HORSE COW
Nystagmus

  • Equine herpesvirus

  • Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

  • Viral encephalitis

  • Infectious meningitis

  • Intracranial abscess/neoplasia

  • Unilateral vestibular disease

  • Tyzzer's disease

  • Listeriosis

  • Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

  • Polioencephalomalacia

  • Hypovitaminosis A
Strabismus

  • Viral encephalitis

  • Infectious meningitis

  • Intracranial abscess/neoplasia

  • Vestibular disease

  • Listeriosis

  • Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

  • Hypovitaminosis A

  • Tetanus