Table e2.

Additional Parasites of Suids

Pathogen	Disease in Domestic Pig	Wild Host	Disease in Wild	Evidence in Wild Suids
Protozoan Parasites
Microsporidia
Enterocytozoon bieneusi	Infection rates are highly variable in domestic pigs. Infection is typically subclinical. Zoonotic risk	Wild boar, warthogs, Visayan warty pigs	Subclinical, zoonotic risk.	Fecal PCR (Nemejc et al., 2014; Slodkowicz-Kowalska et al., 2007).
Encephalitozoon cuniculi	Infection rates are highly variable in domestic pigs. Infection is typically subclinical.	Wild boar	Subclinical.	Fecal PCR. (Nemejc et al., 2014; Slodkowicz-Kowalska et al., 2007).
Encephalitozoon intestinalis	Rarely identified in domestic pigs. Infection is typically subclinical.	Wild boar	Subclinical.	Fecal microscopy, fecal PCR (Nemejc et al., 2014; Slodkowicz-Kowalska et al., 2007).
Neospora caninum	Natural disease not reported in domestic pigs.	Wild boar, warthogs	Disease not reported	Serology. (ELISA, IFAT) (Buxton et al., 2002; Donahoe et al., 2015; Reiterova et al., 2016).
Sarcosporidia
Sarcocystis dubeyella	Infrequently reported in domestic pigs. Typically, subclinical. White-tan parasitic cysts up to 12 mm in length and 1 mm wide within skeletal and cardiac muscle. Cyst encapsulated by host cell membrane.	Warthogs	Subclinical. Similar to domestic pigs. *Ddx Cysticercus cellulosae/Taenia solium.	Histopathology (Junker et al., 2015; Stolte et al., 1998).
Sarcocystis phacochoeri	Not reported in domestic pigs.	Warthogs	Subclinical. White-tan parasitic cysts up to 1–4 mm length 0.2 mm width in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Not encapsulated by host cell membrane. *Ddx Cysticercus cellulosae/Taenia solium.	Histopathology (Junker et al., 2015; Stolte et al., 1998).
Sarcocystis spp.	Common in domestic pigs. Generally nonpathogenic. Parasitic cysts within skeletal and cardiac muscle. DDx for cysicercosis.	Wild boar	Parasitic cysts within the right ventricle.	Histopathology (Comeaux et al., 2016).
Piroplasms
Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Low infection rate in domestic pigs. Infection is typically subclinical, Potential zoonosis.	Wild boar	Disease not reported.	Serology, DNA PCR (Reiterova et al., 2016; Silaghi et al., 2014).
Babesia bigemina	Regionally common in domestic pigs. Infection results in hemolytic anemia, petechial hemorrhages, edema. Disease is generally mild.	Wild boar	Disease not reported.	DNA PCR (Zanet et al., 2014).
Babesia trautmanni	Uncommon in domestic pigs. Most frequently occurs in Africa. Infection results in pyrexia, inappetence, listlessness, followed by spontaneous recovery.	Warthogs, bushpigs	Similar to domestic pigs.	Walker et al. (2005)
Eperythrozoon sp. (likely Mycoplasma sp)	Regionally common in domestic pigs. Mycoplasma suis (E. suis) causes potentially hemolytic anemia in naïve animals. Gross lesions include splenomegaly and icterus. Parasites identified on the surface of erythrocytes. Arthropod vector.	Wild boar (rare), South American peccaries (captive)	Parasite species not identified. Subclinical disease. Possible risk to livestock.	Hemocytology (Castellano Margardio and Mangini, 2001; Hannon et al., 1985).
Theileria sp.	Clinical disease not reported in domestic pigs. Arthropod vector.	Warthog, Wild boar	Clinical disease not reported. Risk to livestock.	Hemocytology (Fowler, 1996; Junker et al., 2015; Zanet et al., 2014).
Coccidia
Eimeria spp.	E. scabra, E. spinose, E. perminuta, E. cerdonis, E debliecki, and E neodebliecki cause self-limiting diarrhea in 1–3 month-old pigs. Direct life cycle. Gross and microscopic lesions similar to I. suis.	All suids susceptible	Infrequently reported. E. pecari, E. chaparralensis, and E. dicotylensis are only reported in collared peccaries.	Fecal microscopy (oocysts), histopathology (Fowler, 1996; Wilber et al., 1996).
Isospora (Cystisospora) suis	Severe, occasionally fatal enteritis in neonatal domestic pigs. Direct life cycle. Gross lesions include white-yellow diarrhea. Microscopic ileal and jejunal lesions include villus atrophy, ulcerative to fibrinonecrotic enteritis with intraepithelial coccida.	All suids susceptible, reported in wild boar, warthogs, peccaries.	Infrequently reported. Similar to domestic pigs.	Fecal microscopy (oocysts), histopathology (Fowler, 1996).
Ciliates
Balantidium coli	Ubiquitous in domestic pigs (definitive host). Direct fecal-oral life cycle. Ingestion of cyst, excyst in small intestine, trophozoites in cecum, colon. Resident in lumen, may be invasive into mucosa. Invasive disease results in necrotizing and ulcerative typhlocolitis with intralesional trophozoites. Zoonotic.	Wild boar, warthogs, peccaries, likely all suids.	All suids susceptible. Episodic diarrhea, disease similar to domestic pigs.	Fecal microscopy. Cysts and trophozoites (Castellano Margardio and Mangini, 2001; Mansouri et al., 2016; Samuel and Low, 1970; Solaymani-Mohammadi et al., 2004).
Flagellates
Chilomastix mesnili (hominis; suis)	Primarily a commensal of primates, also infects domestic pigs. Infects cecum and colon, generally nonpathogenic. Pyriform flagellates in feces, increased in number with other protozoal infections. Direct fecal-oral life cycle.	Wild boar	Disease not reported.	Fecal microscopy (Solaymani-Mohammadi et al., 2004).
Dientamoeba fragilis	Infects domestic pigs, disease not reported. Zoonotic, causes diarrhea in humans. Direct fecal-oral life cycle.	Wild boar	Disease not reported.	Fecal analysis; PCR (Crotti et al., 2012).
Giardia sp.	Ubiquitous in domestic pigs, all ages may be infected. Direct fecal-oral life cycle. May be associated with mild diarrhea, no specific gross or microscopic lesions.	Wild boar, peccaries	Similar to domestic pigs.	Fecal microscopy. Cysts and trophozoites (Rodriguez-Rivera et al., 2016).
Trypanosoma pecarii	Not reported.	Collared peccaries	Disease not reported.	Hemocytology (Castellano Margardio and Mangini, 2001).
Tritrichomonas suis (T. foetus)	Commensal in nasal cavity and lower digestive tract in domestic pigs. Incidental tissue invasion may occur secondary to infection with other pathogens (e.g., Brachyspira pilosicoli colitis)	Wild boar	Disease not reported.	Fecal microscopy (Solaymani-Mohammadi et al., 2004).
Amoebae
Iodamoeba butschlii	Generally nonpathogenic in domestic pigs. May be associated with diarrhea. Zoonotic.	Wild boar	Nonpathogenic	Fecal microscopy (Solaymani-Mohammadi et al., 2004).
Entamoeba polecki	Generally nonpathogenic in domestic pigs. Some isolates have been associated with diarrhea. Zoonotic.	Wild boar	Nonpathogenic	Fecal microscopy (Solaymani-Mohammadi et al., 2004).
Entamoeba suis	Generally nonpathogenic in domestic pigs. Rare isolates may be associated with diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis. Zoonotic.	Wild boar	Not reported.	Fecal microscopy (Solaymani-Mohammadi et al., 2004).
Metazoan Parasites
Nematodes
Upper GI
Diplogaster parasiticus (taxonomy unresolved)	Not reported.	Bushpig (Potamochoerus sp.)	Poorly described rhabditid nematodes colonizing buccal pouch. Lesions not reported.	Necropsy (Marlow, 1955; Round, 1968).
Eucoleus (Capillaria) garfiai	Infest lingual epithelium. Generally nonpathogenic.	Wild boar	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Fernandez-de-Mera et al., 2003).
Gonglyonema pulchrum, G. spp.	Infest esophageal mucosa. Mild esophagitis. Zoonotic.	Wild boar, collared peccaries	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Fernandez-de-Mera et al., 2003).
Stomach
Capillaria sp. (not C. hepatica or C. (Eucoleus) garfiai)	Rarely reported.	Wild boar	Gastritis, not otherwise described.	Necropsy (Lowenstein and Kutzer, 1989).
Gnathostoma hispidum, G. spp.	Gastric spiruid, nodular, and ulcerative gastritis. Freshwater crustacean (e.g., cyclops) intermediate host.	Wild boar, warthogs, bushpigs (Potamochoerus sp.)	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Belem, 2012; Round, 1968).
Parabronema peccariae	Not reported.	Peccaries	Parasite ID only, disease not reported.	Necropsy (Samson and Donaldson, 1968).
Physocephalus sexalatus	Primarily infests lumen, generally noninvasive. Often subclinical, heavy infestation associated with catarrhal gastritis, anemia, and melena. Dung beetle intermediate host.	Wild boar, warthogs, bushpigs (Potamochoerus sp.), peccaries	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Fernandez-de-Mera et al., 2003; Horak et al., 1988; Junker et al., 2015; Round, 1968; Samuel and Low, 1970; Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Parostertagia heterospiculum	Rarely reported, poorly described. Disease similar to Hyostrongylus rubidus, less severe.	Peccaries	Parasite ID only, disease not reported.	Necropsy (Samuel and Low, 1970).
Simondsia paradoxa	Chronic gastritis. Occurs concurrently with Hyostrongylus rubidus (see text), disease is similar, but less severe.	Wild boar, warthogs	Similar to pigs	Fecal microscopy, necropsy (Belem, 2012; Fernandez-de-Mera et al., 2003).
Trichostrongylus falcatulus, T. instabilis, T. thomasi, T. deflexus	Nodular gastritis. Infrequently reported. Direct life cycle. Rarely found in small intestine.	Wild boar, warthogs, peccaries, bushpigs (Potamochoerus sp.)	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Boomker et al., 1991; Junker et al., 2015; Round, 1968; Samson and Donaldson, 1968).
Small intestine
Ascaris phacochoeri	Not reported.	Warthogs, bushpigs (Potamochoerus sp.)	Similar to A. suum.	Fecal examination, necropsy (Belem, 2012; Horak et al., 1988; Junker et al., 2015).
Capillaria sp. (not C. hepatica or C. (Eucoleus) garfiai)	Rarely reported. Disease not described.	Wild boar, Pygmy hogs	Enteritis (pygmy hogs)	Small intestine mucosal scraping. Microscopy (Kakati et al., 2015).
Cooperia hungi	Not reported.	Warthogs	Infestation rarely reported, primarily a parasite of impala.	Necropsy (Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Texicospirura turki	Not reported.	Collared peccaries;	Nematode species originally erroneously described in stomach of collared peccaries, Disease not described.	Necropsy (Fowler and Cubas, 2001; Samson and Donaldson, 1968; Samuel and Low, 1970).
Cecum, colon
Morgascaridia sellsi, M. kugii	Not reported.	Wild boar, bushpigs (Potamochoerus sp.)	Rare. Clinical disease not reported.	Necropsy (Round, 1968; Sato et al., 2008).
Osesophagostomum dentatum, O. aethiopicum; O. eurycephalum, O. goodeyi, O. mocambiquei, O. mpwapwae, O. mwanzae, O. oldi, O. roubaudi, O. santosdiasi, O. simpsoni, O. yorkei	Chronic colitis, with nodular to diffuse thickening and mixed inflammation in the colon wall. Ova hatch in large intestine, migrate into submucosa, return to mucosa. Deep penetration to serosa associated adhesions.	Wild boar, warthogs, bushpigs (O. aethiopicum)	Similar to domestic pigs.	Fecal examination, necropsy, histopathology (Belem, 2012; Horak et al., 1988; Junker et al., 2015; Round, 1968; Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Morgascaridia sellsi, M. kugii	Not reported.	Wild boar, bushpigs (Potamochoerus sp.)	Rare. Clinical disease not reported.	Necropsy (Round, 1968; Sato et al., 2008).
Murshidia hamata, M. pugnicaudata	Uncommon. Primarily infest the colon. Clinical disease not reported.	Warthogs	Similar to domestic pigs. May be present in large numbers in free-ranging warthogs, but clinical disease not reported.	Necropsy (Horak et al., 1988).
Probstmayria vivipara	Small equine pinworm. Infests colon, rectum. Clinical disease not reported.	Warthogs	High prevalence and heavy burdens in free-ranging warthogs. Clinical disease not reported.	Necropsy (Belem, 2012; Junker et al., 2015; Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Trichuris suis	Whipworms primarily infest the cecum, large burdens extend to colon. Primarily disease of young animals. Parasites embedded in mucosa, cause catarrhal enteritis, may progress to necrotizing and hemorrhagic enteritis. Direct life cycle.	Wild boar, Warthogs, all suids likely susceptible	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Fowler, 1996).
Lungs
Metastrongylus elongatus (apri), M. pudendotectus, M salmi	Indirect, possibly direct life cycle. Earthworm intermediate host. Gross lesions include thread-like 4–7 cm long adult nematodes within airways, severe pulmonary congestion, edema, and consolidation. Larvae may migrate through liver.	Wild boar, all suids likely susceptible.	Similar to domestic pigs. Secondary bacterial pneumonia.	Necropsy, histopathology (Fowler, 1996; Mansouri et al., 2016).
Liver
Capillaria hepatica (Calodium heptaicum)	Chronic-active eosinophilic hepatitis. Zoonotic.	Collared peccaries	Similar to domestic pigs.	Castellano Margardio and Mangini, (2001)
Kidneys
Stephanurus dentatus	Kidney worm of domestic swine. Direct life cycle. Eggs passed in the urine and infection by ingestion of larvae or percutaneous larval invasion. Earthworm paratenic host. Larval migration to the liver via the portal system causes a chronic hepatitis, and subsequent peritoneal migration may cause peritonitis. Aberrant migration is common, and larvae may be found in the visceral adipose tissue, lungs, epaxial muscles, or spinal cord. Adults are typically found in the kidneys, ureters, and perirenal tissue, and are often enclosed in a fibrous capsule.	Wild boar.	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Kaufmann, 2014; Sutherland-Smith, 2015).
Other
Dirofilaria acutiuscula	Not reported.	Collared peccaries	Filariae in subcutaneous dorsolumbar fascia. Disease limited to localized inflammation.	Necropsy (Samuel and Low, 1970).
Impalaia tuberculate	Primarily infests African antelope, accidental infection in domestic pigs. Disease not reported.	Warthogs	Disease not reported.	Necropsy (Junker et al., 2015; Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Parabronema pecariae	Not reported.	Peccaries	Adult spiruids within the mucosa of the stomach. Mild gastritis.	Necropsy (Samuel and Low, 1970; Vicente et al., 2000).
Setariaspp. (S. congolensis, S. bernardi, S. thomasi, S. castroi)	Domestic pigs (S. congolensis). Mosquito vector. Adults in peritoneal cavity, microfilariae in microvasculature may cause ocular and neurological lesions.	Warthogs, bushpigs	Some species, microfilariae free in abdominal cavity. Incidental; not associated with disease.	Necropsy (Junker et al., 2015; Khin and Win, 1981; Round, 1968; Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Cestodes (larva)
Echinococcus granulosus	Larvae in lungs, other viscera. Canids are definitive hosts.	Wild boar, bush pigs (red river hogs)	Similar to domestic species, zoonotic risk	Histopathology, DNA PCR (Horak et al., 1988; Mansouri et al., 2016; Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Moniezia benedeni, M. mettami, M. spp.	Uncommon (M. expansa). Incidental adults in small intestine.	Warthogs, Collared peccaries (Moniezia benedeni)	Adults in anterior small intestine. Disease not reported.	Necropsy (Boomker et al., 1991; Junker et al., 2015; Round, 1968; Samuel and Low, 1970).
Paramonezia phaochoeri	Not reported.	Warthogs	Adults in small intestine.	Necropsy (Van Wyk and Boomker, 2011).
Stilesia globipunctata	Adults in small intestine. Uncommon, generally nonpathogenic.	Warthogs	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Belem, 2012).
Taenia acinonyxi	Visceral cysticercosis. Cheetahs are definitive hosts.	Warthogs, wild boar	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Sutherland-Smith, 2015).
Taenia crocutae	Visceral cysticercosis. Hyenas are definitive hosts.	Warthogs	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Sutherland-Smith, 2015).
Taenia hyaenae	Visceral cysticercosis. Hyenas are definitive hosts.	Warthogs	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Sutherland-Smith, 2015).
Taenia hydatigena (Cysticercus tenuicolis)	Visceral cysticercosis. Many canids and felids are definitive hosts.	Wild boar	Cysticerci in mesentery, lungs	Necropsy (Mansouri et al., 2016).
Taenia regis	Visceral cysticercosis. Lions are definitive hosts.	Warthogs	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Sutherland-Smith, 2015).
Taenia solium (Cysticerus cellulosae)	Cysticerci in the central nervous system (brain, meninges), heart, skeletal muscle, and liver.	Wild boar	cysticerci isolated from muscle and heart. Zoonotic risk.	Histopathology, DNA PCR (Mansouri et al., 2016).
Trematodes
Alaria alata	Rare. Mesocercaria in cheek, skeletal muscle, not associated with clinical disease. Indirect life cycle. Carnivore definitive host. Gastropod 1st intermediate host. Amphibian 2nd intermediate host.	Wild boar	Similar to domestic pigs. Zoonotic risk.	Necropsy; alaria migration technique (Paulsen et al., 2013).
Dicrocoelium dendriticum	Indirect life cycle. Gastropod 1st intermediate host, ant 2nd intermediate host. Infection by ingestion of ants. Lesions similar to Fasciola hepatica.	Wild boar	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy. (Mansouri et al., 2016).
Gastrodiscoides hominis (Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus)	Infest cecum, colon. May result in chronic necrotizing and eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic typhlocolitis with goblet cell. Associated with severe cecal edema and catarrhal typhlitis/diarrhea. Pig definitive host. Metacercaria on aquatic plants and in intermediate host crayfish, tadpoles, frogs. Zoonotic.	Wild boar, warthogs, bushpigs (Potamochoerus sp.)	Similar to domestic pigs. Zoonotic risk.	Fecal analysis, necropsy (Round, 1968; Yu and Mott, 1994).
Fasciola gigantica	Lifecycle and lesions similar to F. hepatica. More common in Africa, Asia.	Wild boar	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Mansouri et al., 2016).
Fasciola hepatica	Indirect life cycle. Gastropod intermediate host, infective metacercaria on aquatic plants. Larval migration to liver and bile ducts results in necrotizing hepatitis, and maturation in bile ducts results in chronic cholangiohepatitis, portal fibrosis. Larval trematodes may be present in parenchymal lesions, adults present within bile ducts. More common in Europe, North and South America.	Wild boar (esp. Nebrodi Black pigs)	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Thompson et al., 2009).
Fascioloides magna	Life cycle and lesions similar to Fasciola hepatica, but do not invade bile ducts. Adults are encapsulated in liver parenchyma.	Wild boar, Collared peccaries	Similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Samuel and Low, 1970).
Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum	Larval schistosomes migrate through liver, adults in mesenteric veins. Eggs deposited in walls of mesenteric vessels provoke intense inflammation and fibrosis, may have nodular lesions on gross examination. Chronic eosinophilic and granulomatous phlebitis and mesenteritis centered on ova. Egg migration into liver may result in cirrhosis. Indirect life cycle. Gastropod intermediate host.	Wild boar	Adults in mesenteric veins. Disease similar to domestic pigs.	Necropsy (Mansouri et al., 2016; Maxie and Robinson, 2007).
Paragonimus westermani	Uncommon. Larvae in skeletal muscle not associated with clinical disease. Canid definitive host (lung). Gastropod 1st intermediate host. Crustacean (crab, crayfish) 2nd intermediate host. Zoonotic.	Wild boar (paratenic host)	Similar to domestic pigs. Zoonotic risk.	Histology. Larvae in muscle tissue digestion, PCR (Sugiyama et al., 2015).
Pentastomes
Linguatula nuttalli	Not described in domestic pigs. Lion, other carnivores are definitive hosts.	Warthog	Nymphs recovered at necropsy, tissue not identified (common in liver in African antelope)	Necropsy (Horak et al., 1988; Junker et al., 2015).
Arthropod Ectoparasites
Mites
See text
Fleas
Ctenocephalides felis	“Cat flea”	Collared peccaries	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Gruver and Guthrie, 1996).
Echidnophaga larina	Not reported.	Warthog (may be host-specific)	Stick-tight fleas, favor ventrum. Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Matthee et al., 2013).
Moeopsylla sjoestedti	Not reported.	Warthog (may be host-specific)	Jumping fleas, favor head and neck. Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Matthee et al., 2013).
Phacopsylla (Echidnophaga) inexpectata, P. spp.	Not reported.	Warthog (may be host-specific)	Stick-tight fleas, favor ventrum. Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Junker et al., 2015; Matthee et al., 2013).
Pulex porcinus	“Javalina flea,” or “Peccary flea.”	Collared peccaries, wild boar	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Samuel and Low, 1970).
Ticks
Ixodidae
Amblyomma americanum	“Lone star tick.” 3-host life cycle, with a wide host range in all lifestages	Wild boar (USA)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Allan et al., 2001; Helcel et al., 2016).
Amblyomma boeri	Not reported in domestic pigs. 1-host life cycle.	Chacoan peccaries	All life stages of tick present on peccaries, may be host-specific	Parasite identification (Nava et al., 2009).
Amblyomma cajenesse	“Cayenne tick.” 3-host life cycle with a wide host range in all life stages.	All peccaries, wild boar (USA)	Opportunistic	Parasite identification (Fowler and Cubas, 2001; Helcel et al., 2016).
Amblyomma hebraeum	“South African Bont Tick,” 3-host life cycle. Immature and adult ticks may infest livestock. Vector for Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in livestock (but not suids) and Rickettsia africae infection in humans Prefer ventrum, axillae, tail.	African warthogs (primary host), “bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Opportunistic is common, tick-bite wounds may be severe and are predilection sites for secondary bacterial dermatitis and old-world screwworm infection.	Horak et al. (1988); Horak et al. (1991); Levin (2016); Matthee et al. (2013)
Amblyomma inornatum	Not reported in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized, likely 3-host life cycle.	Collared peccary	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Gladney et al., 1977).
Amblyomma maculatum	“Gulf coast tick.” 3-host life cycle, adults on medium and large animals	Wild boar (USA)	Tick-bite wounds may be severe, with secondary bacterial dermatitis and new-world screwworm infection.	Parasite identification (Allan et al., 2001; Helcel et al., 2016; Levin, 2016).
Amblyomma neumanni	Not described in domestic pigs. 1-host life cycle. Primarily a parasite of cattle.	All peccaries	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Nava et al., 2009).
Amblyomma parvum	Not reported in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized, likely 3-host life cycle.	All peccaries, wild boar	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Nava et al., 2009; Ramos Vdo et al., 2014).
Amblyomma paulopunctatum	Not reported in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized, likely a 1-host life cycle.	Red river hogs, wild boar, warthogs, Giant forest hog (Hylochoerus sp.)	Primarily found in Africa. Clinical disease not reported. All suids likely susceptible.	Parasite identification (Keirans, 1985; Leslie and Huffman, 2015).
Amblyomma sculptum	Domestic pigs are primary host. Can maintain a 1-host life cycle in livestock. Disease not reported, vector for multiple rickettsial pathogens.	Wild boar (South America)	Nymphs and adults on wild boar. Disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Ramos Vdo et al., 2014).
Amblyomma triguttatum	“Ornate kangaroo tick.” Not reported in domestic pigs. 1-host life cycle, broad host range.	Wild boar (Australia)	Nymphs infest the ears of wild boar, other life stages not identified.	Parasite identification (Guglielmone, 1990).
Dermacentor albipictus	“Winter tick.” 1-host life cycle prefers large animals	Wild boar (USA),	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Helcel et al., 2016).
Dermacentor halli	Not reported in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized.	Peccaries, Wild boar (USA)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Helcel et al., 2016).
Dermacentor variabilis	“American dog tick.” 3-host life cycle, adults prefer medium-large animals	Wild boar (USA)	Common in Southern USA, disease not described.	Parasite identification (Allan et al., 2001; Helcel et al., 2016).
Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris	Wide distribution in North America. 3-host life cycle. Disease Primarily parasitizes lagomorphs and birds. not reported, vector for rickettsial agents.	Peccaries, likely all suidae susceptible due to broad host range.	Clinical disease not reported.	Samuel and Low (1970)
Haemaphysalis longicornis	Disease in domestic pigs not reported. 3-host life cycle. Vector for rickettsial agents, other piroplasms.	Wild boar (Korea, Asia)	Clinical disease not reported.	Chae et al. (2017)
Haemaphysalis flava	Rarely reported in domestic pigs. 3-host life cycle.	Wild boar (Korea, Asia)	Clinical disease not reported.	Chae et al. (2017)
Haemaphysalis parmata		Bushpigs		Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1991).
Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus	Not reported in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized.	Red river hogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015).
Ixodes nipponensis	Not reported in domestic pigs, primarily parasitizes cattle, hares. 3-host life cycle.	Wild boar (Korea)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Chae et al., 2017).
Ixodes scapularis	“Black-legged tick,” or “Deer tick.” 3-host tick. Uncommon in domestic pigs. Vector for Borrelia burgdorferi and multiple Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp. others.	Wild boar (USA)	Common in Southern USA, disease not described.	Parasite identification (Allan et al., 2001; Helcel et al., 2016).
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	Poorly described in domestic pigs, primarily parasitizes cattle. 3-host tick. Prefers to infest head and hears, may cause severe skin lesion around ears.	Warthogs, “bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Horak et al., 1991; Matthee et al., 2013; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus camicasi	Not described in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	Warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus complantus	Regionally common in African domestic pigs. Disease not reported. Life cycle incompletely characterized.	Wild boar, red river hogs, bushpigs (P. larvatus), warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015; Pourrut et al., 2011; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus compositus	Poorly described in domestic pigs. Disease not reported. Life cycle incompletely characterized.	“Bushpigs” (red river hogs)		Parasite identification (Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus congolensis	Not described in domestic pigs.	Red river hogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Apanaskevich et al., 2013).
Rhipicephalus cuspidatus	Not described in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	Red river hogs, warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus	“African blue tick.” Infrequently reported in domestic pigs, primarily parasitizes African cattle and antelope. 1-host life cycle. Vector for Babesia bigemina and multiple other piroplasms.	Warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Horak et al., 2007; Matthee et al., 2013; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus evertsi	Not reported in domestic pigs. 2-host life cycle.	Warthogs, “bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Horak et al., 2007; Matthee et al., 2013).
Rhipicephalus follis	Not described in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	“Bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1991; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus gertrudae	Not described in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	Warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Matthee et al., 2013).
Rhipicephalus longiceps	Poorly described in domestic pigs. 3-host life cycle. Primarily parasitizes African ruminants, but uncommon.	Warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 2007; Matthee et al., 2013; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus longus	Regionally common in African domestic pigs. Disease not reported. Life cycle incompletely characterized.	Wild boar, “bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015; Sugiyama et al., 2015; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus lunulatus	Uncommon in domestic pigs. More common in cattle, African antelope. Disease not reported. 3-host life cycle.	Wild boar, “bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus maculatus	Poorly described in domestic pigs.	“Bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1991; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus muehlensi	Not described in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	“Bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1991; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus muhsamae	Poorly described in domestic pigs.	Red river hogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015).
Rhipicephalus simpsoni	Not described in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	Red river hogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015).
Rhipicephalus simus	Infrequently reported in domestic pigs. 3-host life cycle. Clinical disease not reported. Vector for transmission of Babesia trautmani from warthogs to domestic pigs.	Warthogs, “bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1991; Horak et al., 2007; Matthee et al., 2013; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus zambeziensis	Poorly described in domestic pigs, primarily parasitizes African cattle. 3-host tick.	Warthogs, “bushpigs” (red river hogs)	Clinical disease not reported. Likely to cause skin lesion in/around ears similar to domestic cattle.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Matthee et al., 2013; Walker et al., 2005).
Rhipicephalus (aurantiacus) ziemanni	Poorly described in domestic pigs, life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	Red river hogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015; Pourrut et al., 2011).
Rhipicephalus zumpti (reichnowi; planus)	Not described in domestic pigs. Life cycle incompletely characterized. Disease not reported.	“Bushpigs” (red river hogs), warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1991; Walker et al., 2005).
Argasidae
Hyalomma truncatum	Rarely reported in domestic pigs. 2-host life cycle. Typically parasitizes African ruminants.	Warthogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Horak et al., 2007; Matthee et al., 2013).
Ornithodoros moubata	Infrequently described in African domestic pigs, but may serve as a significant vector for transmission of African swine fever from wildlife to livestock. Multihost life cycle. Also vector for Borellia duttoni, the cause of relapsing fever in humans.	Warthogs	Clinical disease not reported. Zoonotic risk. Vector for Borellia duttoni, the cause of relapsing fever in humans.	Parasite identification (Sanchez-Vizcaino et al., 2015).
Ornithodoros porcinus (part of O. mubata spp. complex)	Infrequently described in domestic pigs. Multihost life cycle. Vector for African swine fever, predominantly found in Africa.	Warthogs, bushpigs (Potamochoerus larvatus), red river hogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Matthee et al., 2013; Roger et al., 2001; Sanchez-Vizcaino et al., 2015).
Ornithodoros erraticus	Vector for African swine fever, predominantly found in Europe. but role for ASF transmission unclear in many European countries,	Wild boar	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Pietschmann et al., 2016; Sanchez-Vizcaino et al., 2015).
Ornithodoros turicata	Feed on wild boar exposed to animal burrows. Short feeding time (20–30 min), do not remain on animals. Vector for transmission of Borrelia turicatae, a cause of relapsing fever in humans.	Wild boar (USA)	Feed on wild boar exposed to animal burrows. Short feeding time (20–30 min), do not remain on animals. Vector for transmission of relapsing fever in humans.
Orthinodoros rostratus		Wild boar (South America)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Ramos Vdo et al., 2014).
Lice
Hematopinus apri	Sucking louse. Uncommon in domestic pigs, common in wild boar.	Wild boar (Europe, Asia)	Clinical disease not reported.	Manning and Graham (1997)
Hematopinus latus	Sucking louse. Uncommonly reported in domestic pigs.	Wild boar, warthogs, bushpigs (Potamochoerus larvatus), red river hogs	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988, 1991; Junker et al., 2015).
Haematopinus oliveri	Sucking louse. Not reported in domestic pigs.	Pygmy hogs (possibly host restricted)	Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Mishra and Singh, 1978).
Hematopinus phacochoeri	Not reported in domestic pigs.	Wild boar, warthogs	Sucking louse.	Parasite identification (Horak et al., 1988; Junker et al., 2015; Matthee et al., 2013).
Hematopinus suis	“Common sucking louse.”	Wild boar (worldwide)		Parasite identification (Manning and Graham, 1997).
Linognathida spp.	Not reported in domestic pigs.	Collared peccaries	Clinical disease not reported.	Gruver and Guthrie (1996)
Linognathus vituli	Not reported in domestic pigs. Primarily parasitizes cattle.	Wild boar (Europe)	Clinical disease not reported.	Manning and Graham (1997)
Pecaroecus javalii	“Giant sucking louse.” Not reported in domestic pigs.	Collared peccaries	Collected from periocular skin. Clinical disease not reported.	Parasite identification (Samson and Donaldson, 1968; Samuel and Low, 1970).
Flies/bots
Rhinoestrus spp.	Infrequently reported in domestic pigs. Myiasis sinusitis caused by developing larvae.	Red river hogs, warthogs	Chronic catharral and eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis and sinusitis.	Parasite identification (Leslie and Huffman, 2015).