Table 3.11.
Major Sources, Cellular Targets, and In Vivo Effects of Select Mouse Cytokinesa
| Cytokine | Cell source | Cell targets | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| IFN-α, IFN-β | Macrophages, B and T cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells | Many cell types | Antiviral, antiproliferative, stimulate NK activity and macrophage functions |
| IFN-γ | T cells, NK cells | Macrophages, lymphocytes, NK cells | Proinflammatory, promotes Th1 immune responses/secretion of Th1-associated cytokines |
| IL-1α, IL-1β | Macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts | Many cell types | Proinflammatory, stimulates fibroblasts and bone catabolism, neuroendocrine effects (fever, sleep, anorexia, corticotropin release) |
| IL-2 | Activated T cells | Macrophages, T and B cells, NK cells | T-cell growth factor, stimulates NK activity |
| IL-3 | T cells, mast cells | Mast cells, hematopoietic progenitors | Promotes proliferation and differentiation of mast cell and hematopoietic cell lineages (granulocytic, monocytic, megakaryocytic) |
| IL-4 | T cells, basophils, mast cells, bone marrow stromal cells | B and T cells, mast cells, macrophages, hematopoietic progenitors | Proliferation and differentiation of B cells (Ig switching to IgG1 and IgE) and Th2 cells (anti-inflammatory by inhibiting Th1 immune responses) |
| IL-5 | T cells, mast cells | Eosinophils, B cells | Stimulates eosinophilia, growth and differentiation of B-cells, Ig switching |
| IL-6 | Fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells | B and T cells, thymocytes, hepatocytes, neurons | Differentiation of myeloid cells, induction of acute phase proteins, tropic for neurons |
| IL-7 | Thymic and bone marrow stromal cells | B and T cells | Growth factor for B and T cells |
| IL-8 | Monocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, T cells | Neutrophils, basophils, T cells | Proinflammatory, activates neutrophils, enhances keratinocyte growth |
| IL-9 | T cells | CD4+ T cells, mast cells | Enhances hematopoiesis |
| IL-10 | Macrophages, T and B cells, mast cells, keratinocytes | Macrophages, T and B cells | Anti-inflammatory Th2 immune responses, inhibits Th1 responses |
| IL-11 | Stromal cells | Hematopoietic progenitor cells | Hematopoiesis |
| IL-12 | T cells | T cells, macrophages | Proinflammatory; promotes NK and cytotoxic lymphocyte activity; induces IFN-γ, which in turn promotes Th1 immune responses |
| IL-13 | T cells | B cells | Activation of Ig transcription, key mediator in asthma |
| IL-14 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes | B cells | B cell growth factor |
| IL-15 | Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages | T and B cells, NK cells, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils | Enhances neutrophil chemokine production, cytoskeletal rearrangements, phagocytosis; delays apoptosis |
| IL-16 | Epithelial cells, mast cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, eosinophils | CD4+ | CD4+ T-cell growth factor; proinflammatory; enhances lymphocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule and IL-2 receptor and HLA-DR expression |
| IL-17 | Human memory T cells, mouse αβ TCR+ CD4− CD8− thymocytes | Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells | Secretion of IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, MCP-1 and G-CSF, induces ICAM-1 expression, T-cell proliferation |
| IL-18 | Macrophages, keratinocytes, microglial cells | T cells; NK cells; myeloid, monocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cell lineages | Proinflammatory, induces IFN-γ and other Th1 cytokines, promotes Th1 development and NK activity |
| GM-CSF | Macrophages, stromal cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, lymphocytes | Hematopoietic stem cells, neutrophils, macrophages | Growth and differentiation of granulocytes, macrophages |
| TNF | Macrophages, T and B cells, NK cells | Many cell types | Proinflammatory, fever, neutrophil activation, bone resorption, anticoagulant, tumor necrosis |
| TGF-β | Platelets, macrophages, T and B cells, placenta, hepatocytes, thymocytes | Many cells types | Anti-inflammatory; promotes wound healing, angiogenesis; suppresses hematopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, Ig production, NK activity; promotes Ig switching to IgA |
a
IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; GM-CSFs, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors; NK, natural killer; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TGF, tumor growth factor.