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. 2018 Oct 26:569–592. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805306-5.00023-7

Table e4.

Miscellaneous Bacterial Diseases of Pinnipeds

Bacteria Lesions Species Affected
Coxiella burnetiia,b,c Placental necrosis Harbor seals, Steller sea lions, northern fur seals
Clostridium difficiled Necrohemorrhagic enteritis Harbor seals
Bordetella bronchisepticae,f Pneumonia; often secondary to PDV Harbor seals
Streptococcus phocae; β hemolytic Streptococcusg,h Pneumonia; septicemia Multiple species
Escherichia colig,i Pneumonia; abscesses; septicemia; endocarditis Multiple species
a

Lapointe, J.M., Gulland, F.M., Haines, D.M., Barr, B.C., Duignan, P.J., 1999. Placentitis due to Coxiella burnetii in a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 11(6), 541–543.

b

Kersh, G.J., Lambourn, D.M., Raverty, S.A., Fitzpatrick, K.A., Self, J.S., Akmajian, A.M., Jeffries, S.J., Huggins, J., Drew, C.P., Zaki, S.R., Massung, R.F., 2012. Coxiella burnetii infection of marine mammals in the Pacific Northwest, 1997–2010. J. Wildl. Dis. 48(1), 201–206.

c

Minor, C., Kersh, G.J., Gelatt, T., Kondas, A.V., Pabilonia, K.L., Weller, C.B., Dickerson, B.R., Duncan, C.G., 2013. Coxiella burnetii in northern fur seals and steller sea lions of Alaska. J. Wildl. Dis. 49(2), 441–446.

d

Anderson, C.E., Haulena, M., Zabek, E., Habing, G., Raverty, S., 2015. Clinical and epidemiologic considerations of Clostridium difficile in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at a marine mammal rehabilitation center. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 46(2), 191–197.

e

Siebert, U., Gulland, F., Harder, T., Janiaux, T., Seibel, H., Wohlsein, P., Baumgartner, W., 2010.Epizootics in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): clinical aspects. NAMMCO Sci. Pub. 8, 265–274.

f

Duignan, P.J., Van Bressem, M.F., Baker, J.D., Barbieri, M., Colegrove, K.M., De Guise, S., de Swart, R.L., Di Guardo, G., Dobson, A., Duprex, W.P., Early, G., 2014. Phocine distemper virus: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 6(12), 5093–5134.

g

Thornton, S.M., Nolan, S., Gulland, F.M., 1998. Bacterial isolates from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central California coast, 1994–1995. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 29(2), 171–176.

h

Vossen, A., Abdulmawjood, A., Lämmler, C., Weiß, R., Siebert, U., 2004. Identification and molecular characterization of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) of the German North and Baltic seas. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(1), 469–473.

i

Kim, J.H., Lee, J.K., Yoo, H.S., Shin, N.R., Shin, N.S., Lee, K.H., Kim, D.Y., 2002. Endocarditis associated with Escherichia coli in a sea lion (Zalophus californianus). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 14(3), 260–262.