Table 1.
The role of LPAR in diseases
| LPAR | Disease | Impact | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LPAR1 | Ovarian cancer | Aggravate | PI3K/AKT pathway↑ | Cui et al.,2019 |
| Glioblastoma | Aggravate | PKCα↑ | Valdés-Rives et al.,2019 | |
| Lung cancer | Aggravate | P53↓ | Murph et al.,2007 | |
| Neuropathic pain | Aggravate | Rho-ROCK pathway↑, PKCγ↑,Caα2δ1↑ | Inoue et al.,2004 | |
| Neuropathic pain | Aggravate | macrophages/microglia↑ | Velasco et al.,2017 | |
| Atherosclerosis | Aggravate | CXCL12 X, HIF-1α↑, SPC↑ | Subramanian et al.,2010 | |
| Calcified aortic stenosis | Aggravate | RhoA-NF-κB pathway↑ | Nsaibia et al.,2017 | |
| Renal fibrosis | Aggravate | the myocardin-related transcription factor-serum response factor pathway↑, CTGF↑ | Sakai et al.,2017 | |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | Aggravate | BMSC to differentiate into myofibroblasts↑, ECM↑ | Tang et al.,2014 | |
| Liver fibrosis | Aggravate | α-SMA↑, CTGF↑, TGF-β1↑ | Eraky et al.,2018 | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Aggravate | GSK3b (Ser9) phosphorylation↑, SREBP1↑, TGF-β↑ | Li et al.,2017 | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Aggravate | TLR4 /NF-κB pathway↑, NADPH↑ | Lee et al.,2019 | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Aggravate | RA FLS↑ | Miyabe et al.,2014 | |
| LPAR2 | Ovarian cancer | Aggravate | Gαi-Src-EGFR-ERK pathway↑ | Jeong et al.,2008 |
| Colon cancer | Aggravate | cPKC↑, β-catenin↑ | Yang et al.,2005 | |
| Colon cancer | Attenuate | MAGI-3↑ | Lee et al.,2011 | |
| Colon cancer | Aggravate | NHERF-2↑ | Lee et al.,2011 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Attenuate | Gα12/13-Rho pathway↑ | Komachi et al.,2009 | |
| Lung cancer | Aggravate | P53↓ | Murph et al.,2007 | |
| Atherosclerosis | Aggravate | CXCL12↑,HIF-1α↑, SPC↑ | Subramanian et al.,2010 | |
| Renal fibrosis | Aggravate | Gαq-Rho/ROCK pathway↑, TGF-β↑ | Geng et al.,2012 | |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | Aggravate | TGF-β1↑ | Huang et al.,2013 | |
| LPAR3 | Ovarian cancer | Attenuate | PI3K/Akt pathway ↑ | Li et al.,2019 |
| Colon cancer | Aggravate | cPKC↑,β-catenin↑ | Yang et al.,2005 | |
| Liver cancer | Aggravate | Gαi-ERK-MAPK pathway↑ | Zuckerman et al.,2016 | |
| Lung cancer | Aggravate | P53↓ | Murph et al.,2007 | |
| Neuropathic pain | Aggravate | macrophages/microglia↑ | Velasco et al.,2017 | |
| Atherosclerosis | Aggravate | CXCL12↑, HIF-1α↑, SPC↑ | Subramanian et al.,2010 | |
| Cardiac fibrosis | Attenuate | α-SMA↑, CTGF↑, TGF-β1↑ | Eraky et al.,2018 | |
| LPAR4 | - | - | - | - |
| LPAR5 | Melanoma | Attenuate | cAMP↓ | Jongsma et al.,2011 |
| Neuropathic pain | Aggravate | PKD↑,microglia↑ | Velasco et al.,2017; Plastira et al.,2017 | |
| LPAR6 | Liver cancer | Aggravate | pim-3↑ | Mazzocca et al.,2015 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | Aggravate | Gα12/13-Rho pathway↑, BBB↑ | Herr et al.,2019; Masago et al.,2018 | |
| LPAR | Ovarian cancer | Aggravate | Rac-NOXROS-HIF1α pathway↑ | Ha et al.,2018 |
| Alzheimer's disease | Aggravate | Aβ accumulation↑, tau hyperphosphorylation↑, neuronal dysfunction↑ | Ramesh et al.,2018 |
PKCα: protein kinase Cα; PKCγ: protein kinase Cγ; LPAR: lysophosphatidic acid receptors; CXCL12: CXC motif ligand 12; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; SPC: smooth muscle progenitor cells; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; BMSC: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ECM: extracellular matrix; SREBP1: sterol-regulatory element binding proteins 1; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor β1; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; ERK: extracellular regulated protein kinases; cPKC: classical protein kinase C; MAGI-3: inverted orientation-3; NHERF-2: Na+/H+ exchange regulatory factor-2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKD: protein kinase D; BBB: blood-brain barrier.