Table 1:
Demographic and clinical characteristics of diabetic HCC patients by pre-diagnostic statin and/or metformin use groups; N = 2499.
| Non-users (N=1,193) | Statins only (N=582) | Metformin only (N=295) | Both (N=429) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis, years | <0.0001 | ||||
| N | 1,193 | 582 | 295 | 429 | |
| Mean (SD) | 75.0 (7.2) | 77.3 (6.7) | 73.5 (6.3) | 75.6 (6.1) | |
| Range | (65.0–100.0) | (65.0–94.0) | (65.0–96.0) | (65.0–94.0) | |
| Sex | 0.0873 | ||||
| Male | 717 (60.1%) | 384 (66.0%) | 185 (62.7%) | 276 (64.3%) | |
| Female | 476 (39.9%) | 198 (34.0%) | 110 (37.3%) | 153 (35.7%) | |
| Marital status | 0.1650 | ||||
| Married/Cohabitation | 542 (45.4%) | 287 (49.3%) | 144 (48.8%) | 216 (50.3%) | |
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 423 (35.5%) | 211 (36.3%) | 101 (34.2%) | 149 (34.7%) | |
| Single | 178 (14.9%) | 64 (11.0%) | 41 (13.9%) | 43 (10.0%) | |
| Unknown | 50 (4.2%) | 20 (3.4%) | 9 (3.1%) | 21 (4.9%) | |
| Race | 0.0023 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 676 (56.7%) | 335 (57.6%) | 163 (55.3%) | 240 (55.9%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 125 (10.5%) | 57 (9.8%) | 24 (8.1%) | 24 (5.6%) | |
| Asian | 209 (17.5%) | 126 (21.6%) | 54 (18.3%) | 84 (19.6%) | |
| Hispanic | 93 (7.8%) | 35 (6.0%) | 36 (12.2%) | 48 (11.2%) | |
| Unknown/other | 90 (7.5%) | 29 (5.0%) | 18 (6.1%) | 33 (7.7%) | |
| Neighborhood median income level | 0.2888 | ||||
| <$35,000 | 378 (31.7%) | 177 (30.4%) | 91 (30.8%) | 119 (27.7%) | |
| $35,000–49,000 | 292 (24.5%) | 117 (20.1%) | 64 (21.7%) | 93 (21.7%) | |
| $50,000–74,999 | 181 (15.2%) | 105 (18.0%) | 55 (18.6%) | 82 (19.1%) | |
| ≥75,000 | 101 (8.5%) | 48 (8.2%) | 21 (7.1%) | 30 (7.0%) | |
| Unknown | 241 (20.2%) | 135 (23.2%) | 64 (21.7%) | 105 (24.5%) | |
| Percent with 4-year college education in Neighborhood | 0.8009 | ||||
| <10% | 267 (22.4%) | 120 (20.6%) | 69 (23.4%) | 98 (22.8%) | |
| 10–19% | 272 (22.8%) | 126 (21.6%) | 69 (23.4%) | 82 (19.1%) | |
| 20–29 | 150 (12.6%) | 77 (13.2%) | 37 (12.5%) | 55 (12.8%) | |
| ≥30% | 263 (22.0%) | 124 (21.3%) | 56 (19.0%) | 89 (20.7%) | |
| Unknown | 241 (20.2%) | 135 (23.2%) | 64 (21.7%) | 105 (24.5%) | |
| Tumor grade | 0.2243 | ||||
| I (well differentiated) | 153 (12.8%) | 74 (12.7%) | 38 (12.9%) | 54 (12.6%) | |
| II (moderately differentiated) | 190 (15.9%) | 109 (18.7%) | 51 (17.3%) | 83 (19.3%) | |
| III,IV (poorly differentiated) | 82 (6.9%) | 56 (9.6%) | 22 (7.4%) | 54 (12.6%) | |
| Unknown | 768 (64.4%) | 343 (59.0%) | 184 (62.4%) | 238 (55.5%) | |
| Stage | 0.0008 | ||||
| Stage I | 445 (37.3%) | 219 (37.6%) | 116 (39.3%) | 145 (33.8%) | |
| Stage II | 185 (15.5%) | 57 (9.8%) | 44 (14.9%) | 40 (9.3%) | |
| Stage III, IV | 209 (30.2%) | 123 (35.0%) | 58 (31.9%) | 109 (41.5%) | |
| Unknown | 202 (16.9%) | 102 (17.5%) | 38 (12.9%) | 66 (15.4%) | |
| Tumor size | <0.0001 | ||||
| < 5cm | 526 (44.1%) | 159 (27.3%) | 126 (42.7%) | 123 (28.7%) | |
| >= 5cm | 441 (37.0%) | 308 (52.9%) | 116 (39.3%) | 214 (49.9%) | |
| Unknown | 226 (18.9%) | 115 (19.8%) | 53 (18.0%) | 92 (21.4%) | |
| Chemotherapy | 0.5669 | ||||
| No | 1102 (92.4%) | 542 (93.1%) | 274 (92.9%) | 405 (94.4%) | |
| Yes | 91 (7.6%) | 40 (6.9%) | 21 (7.1%) | 24 (5.6%) | |
| Radiation | 0.1299 | ||||
| No | 996 (83.5%) | 493 (84.7%) | 254 (86.1%) | 378 (88.1%) | |
| Yes | 197 (16.5%) | 89 (15.3%) | 41 (13.9%) | 51 (11.9%) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index score | <0.0001 | ||||
| 0 | 217 (18.2%) | 51 (8.8%) | 6 (2.0%) | 4 (0.9%) | |
| 1 | 258 (21.6%) | 88 (15.1%) | 48 (16.3%) | 83 (19.3%) | |
| 2 | 189 (15.8%) | 114 (19.6%) | 73 (24.7%) | 92 (21.4%) | |
| 3 – 5 | 411 (34.5%) | 236 (40.5%) | 124 (42.0%) | 177 (41.3%) | |
| >5 | 118 (9.9%) | 93 (16.0%) | 44 (14.9%) | 73 (17.0%) | |
| Diabetes severity index | <0.0001 | ||||
| 0 | 227 (19.0%) | 70 (12.0%) | 61 (20.7%) | 69 (16.1%) | |
| 1 | 188 (15.8%) | 54 (9.3%) | 46 (15.6%) | 54 (12.6%) | |
| 2 | 293 (24.6%) | 88 (15.1%) | 46 (15.6%) | 48 (11.2%) | |
| ≥3 | 485 (40.7%) | 370 (63.6%) | 142 (48.1%) | 258 (60.1%) | |
| Obese (BMI ≥30kg/m2) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 1005 (84.2%) | 449 (77.1%) | 235 (79.7%) | 306 (71.3%) | |
| Yes | 188 (15.8%) | 133 (22.9%) | 60 (20.3%) | 123 (28.7%) | |
| COPD | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 699 (58.6%) | 286 (49.1%) | 193 (65.4%) | 259 (60.4%) | |
| Yes | 494 (41.4%) | 296 (50.9%) | 102 (34.6%) | 170 (39.6%) | |
| Dyslipidemia | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 483 (40.5%) | 49 (8.4%) | 98 (33.2%) | 28 (6.5%) | |
| Yes | 710 (59.5%) | 533 (91.6%) | 197 (66.8%) | 401 (93.5%) | |
| Hepatitis type | <0.0001 | ||||
| None | 524 (43.9%) | 365 (62.7%) | 154 (52.2%) | 311 (72.5%) | |
| Hepatitis B | 23 (1.9%) | 8 (1.4%) | 4 (1.4%) | 8 (1.9%) | |
| Hepatitis C | 584 (49.0%) | 182 (31.3%) | 127 (43.1%) | 93 (21.7%) | |
| Hepatitis B & C | 48 (4.0%) | 17 (2.9%) | 7 (2.4%) | 13 (3.0%) | |
| Unspecified type | 14 (1.2%) | 10 (1.7%) | 3 (1.0%) | 4 (0.9%) |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma