Table 1.

Summary of effects of individual mycotoxins on intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) viability.

Mycotoxin	IEC model	Exposure Duration	Tested Exposure Concentration	Cytotoxicity Assay	LC50/Effective Concentration (ECs)	References
DON	Caco-2 (differentiated)	24 h	0, 1.39, 4.17, 12.5, 37.5 μM	LDH release	EC: 37.5 μM	[152]
	Caco-2	48 h	0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 μM	Luminescent Cell Viability Assay	LC50 =1.3 uM; EC: 0.5–10μM	[153]
	Caco-2	24 h	0, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 μM	MTS Assay	LC50 = 10 μM	[154]
				Neutral Red	LC50 = 3.7 μM
		72 h	0, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 μM	MTS Assay	LC50 = 4.3 μM
				Neutral Red	LC50 = 3.7 μM
	Caco-2 (differentiated)	24 h	0, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 μM	MTS Assay	LC50 > 10 μM	[154]
				Neutral Red	LC50 > 10 μM
		72 h	0, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 μM	MTS Assay	LC50 > 10 μM
				Neutral Red	LC50 > 10 μM
	Caco-2	72 h	1–150 μM	Neutral Red	LC50 = 21.5 μM; EC: 10 μM	[155]
				MTT Assay	LC50 = 25 μM; EC: 10 μM
	Caco-2	24 h	0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM	CCK-8	LC50 = 21.94 μM	[156]
		48 h			LC50 = 9.39 μM
		72 h			LC50 = 6.18 μM
	IPEC-1	24 h	0, 0.34, 0.67, 1.7, 3.4, 6.7 10.2, 13.4 μM	MTT Assay	EC: 1.7, 3.4, 10.2, 13.4 μM	[143]
		48 h			EC: 0.34 μM; 1.7–13.4 μM
		72 h			EC: 0.34 μM; 1.7- 13.4 μM
	IPEC-1 (in serum-free media)	24 h	0, 0.67, 6.7 μM	LDH release	NA
		48 h			EC: 6.7 μM
		72 h			EC: 6.7 μM
	IPEC-1 (in complete media)	24 h	0, 0.67, 6.7 μM	Neutral Red	EC: 0.67, 6.7 μM
		48 h			EC: 6.7 μM
		72 h			EC: 6.7 μM
	IPEC-1 (in serum-free media)	24 h	0, 0.67, 6.7 μM	Neutral Red	EC: 0.67, 6.7 μM
		48 h			EC: 6.7 μM
		72 h			EC: 6.7 μM
	IPEC-J2	24 h	0, 0.34, 0.67, 1.7, 3.4, 6.7 10.2, 13.4 μM	MTT Assay	EC: 0.34, 3.4, 6.7, 13.4 μM	[143]
		48 h			EC: 1.7–13.4 μM
		72 h			EC: 1.7–13.4 μM
		14 d	0, 0.17, 0.34, 0.67, 1.02, 1.34, 1.7 μM		0.67, 1.02, 1.34, 1.7 μM
	IPEC-J2	24 h	0, 0.67, 6.7 μM	LDH release	NA	[143]
		48 h			EC: 6.7 μM
		72 h			NA
	IPEC-J2	24 h	0, 0.67, 6.7 μM	Neutral Red	EC: 0.67, 6.7 μM	[143]
		48 h			EC: 6.7 μM
		72 h			EC: 6.7 μM
	IPEC-J2 (in serum-free media)	24 h	0, 0.67, 6.7 μM	Neutral Red	EC: 0.67, 6.7 μM	[143]
		48 h			EC: 6.7 μM
		72 h			EC: 6.7 μM
	IPEC-J2 (basolateral)	24 h	0, 0.67, 1.7, 6.7, 13.4 μM	DAPI staining	NA	[157]
		48 h			EC: 6.7, 13.4 μM
		72 h			EC: 6.7, 13.4 μM
	IPEC-J2	24 h	0, 0.034, 0.085, 0.17, 0.34, 0.85, 1.7, 3.4, 17, 34 μM	Neutral Red	EC: 0.85–34 μM	[132]
	IPEC-J2	72 h	0, 3.4, 8.5, 17, 25.5, 34 μM	Annexin-V-FITC/ PI	EC: 8.5–34 μM	[158]
	IPEC-J2	72 h	0, 3.4, 17, 34, 51, 67 μM	Annexin-V-FITC/ PI	LC50 = 10.47 μM	[159]
	IPEC-J2 (differentiated)	72 h	0, 3.4, 17, 34, 51, 67 μM	Annexin-V-FITC/ PI	LC50 = 46.9 μM	[159]
	IPEC-J2	6 h	0, 0.67, 6.7 μM	CCK-8 Assay	EC: 0.67, 6.7 μM	[160]
		12 h
		24 h
		48 h
		72 h
	IPEC-J2	48 h	0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 μM	MTT Assay	LC50 = 1.83μM; EC:1–2 μM	[161]
	IPEC-J2	24 h	0, 0.43, 0.85, 1.7, 3.4, 6.7 μM	CCK-8 Assay	EC: 0.85–6.7 μM	[162]
ZEA	Caco-2	72 h	1–150 μM	Neutral Red	LC50 = 15 μM	[155]
				MTT Assay	LC50 = 25 μM
	Caco-2	24 h	0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM	CCK-8	LC50 = 62.67 μM	[156]
		48 h			LC50 = 56.96 μM
		72 h			LC50 = 34.36 μM
	IPEC-1	24 h	0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μM	XTT Assay	EC: 100 μM	[163]
	IPEC-1	24 h	0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μM	XTT Assay	EC: 100 μM	[164]
			0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μM	Neutral Red	EC: 100 μM
	IPEC-J2	48 h	0, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM	MTT Assay	EC: 10, 40 μM	[161]
	IPEC-J2	48 h	0, 15.5, 31, 62, 124, 248 μM	MTT Assay	LC50 = 62.1 μM; EC: 62–248 μM	[46]
	IPEC-J2	72 h	0, 19.9, 39.8, 44.73, 59.7, 79.6, 99.5 μM	Annexin-V-FITC/PI	EC: 44.73–99.5 μM	[158]
	Caco-2	24 h	0, 0.032, 0.16, 0.32, 1.6, 3.2 μM	MTT Assay	EC: 3.2 μM	[165]
AFB1		48 h			EC: 0.32—3.2 μM
		72 h			EC: 1.6–3.2 μM
	Caco-2 (differentiated)	24 h	0, 0.032, 0.16, 0.32, 1.6, 3.2 μM	MTT Assay	EC: 1.6 μM	[165]
		48 h			EC: 1.6–3.2 μM
		72 h			EC: 0.16–3.2 μM
	Caco-2	24 h	0, 0.032, 0.16, 0.32, 1.6, 3.2 μM	LDH release	EC: 1.6–3.2 μM	[165]
		48 h			EC: 0.32–3.2 μM
		72 h			EC: 0.32–3.2 μM
	Caco-2 (differentiated)	24 h	0, 0.032, 0.16, 0.32, 1.6, 3.2 μM	LDH release	EC: 3.2 μM	[165]
		48 h			EC: 0.032–3.2 μM
		72 h			EC: 0.032–3.2 μM
	Caco-2	24 h	0, 1,3, 10, 30, 100 μM	MTT Assay	LC50 = 5.39 μM EC: 1–100 μM	[166]
				LDH release	LC50 = 10 μM EC: 3–100 μM
	Caco-2	24 h	0–100 μM	Neutral Red	LC50 = 10 μM	[167]
		48 h			LC50 = 2 μM
		72 h			LC50 = 0.75 μM
CIT	Caco-2	48 h	0, 399.6, 999 μM	Crystal Violet staining (CVS)	EC: 399.6, 999 μM	[168]
	HCT116	36 h	0, 75, 150, 300 μM	Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining	LC50 = 300 μM; EC: 150- 300 μM	[169]
MPA	Caco-2	48 h	0, 0.0078, 0.078, 0.78, 7.8, 78, 780 μM	MTS Assay	LC50 > 780 uM	[75]
	Caco-2 (differentiated)
OTA	Caco-2	24 h	0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μM	MTT Assay	LC50 = 21.25 μM; EC: 1–100 μM	[166]
				LDH release	LC50 = 16.85 μM; EC: 1–100 μM
	Caco-2	24 h	1–200 μM	MTT Assay	LC50 = 145.36 μM	[170]