| mRNA | messenger ribonucleic acid |
| Smad | homologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein (Sma) and the Drosophila protein (Mad) |
| LDN | 4-[6-[4-(1-piperazinyl)phenyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-quinolinehydrochloride |
| MgCl2 | magnesium chloride |
| NaOH | sodium hydroxide |
| MTS | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt]) |
| BSA | bovine serum albumin |
| IgG | immunoglobulin G |
| HCl | hydrochloric acid |
| Msx2 | homeobox transcription factor muscle segment homeobox 2 |
| Cu-Kα | copper K alpha |
| HRP | horseradish peroxidase |
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