Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Mar 5;9(3):47. doi: 10.3390/biology9030047

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Exosome release mechanisms for the ejection of drugs and antibodies. (a) Cancer cells and CSCs/CICs express oncoproteins, such as mutant or amplified EGFR, whose transmembrane signaling promotes the progression of cancer cells, e.g., EMT [31]. Yellow: a round-shaped cell, before EMT. Red: a diamond-shaped cell, after EMT. (b) Cancer cells can eject molecularly-targeted drugs (blue stars). (c) Neutralization of ligand-receptor interaction is a major mechanism of action of antibody-based agents. Activities of cell-surface oncoproteins can be neutralized and inhibited by host-derived endogenous antibodies and molecularly-targeted antibody drugs [37]. (d) Cancer cells can eject molecularly-targeted antibodies by releasing exosomes that contain oncoproteins as RASP [37]. Meanwhile, cancer cells can further transform and acquire resistant phenotypes. (e) The antibodies are also recognized by FcR of immune cells, including phagocytes and NK cells. (f) Cancer cells can also become resistant to immune cells by releasing EVs.