Table 2.

Studies regarding the impact of hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroid pathology, subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and their treatments on fracture risk. TPOAb = thyroid autoantibodies.

Type of Study	Number of Patients	Conclusion	Year	References
Hypothyroidism
Retrospective	162,369	TSH above the upper reference value increases the risk of fractures	2019	[32]
Retrospective	914	TSH above the median increases the early mortality rate in the case of surgically treated hip fractures	2019	[33]
Retrospective	108,977	Hypothyroidism is associated with increased risk of fracture	2016	[34]
Retrospective	16,249	Hypothyroidism is associated with increased fracture risk	2002	[35]
Hypothyroidism treatment
Retrospective	230,552	Overtreatment of hypothyroidism has a similar fracture risk, as seen in hyperthyroidism	2015	[36]
Autoimmune thyroid pathology
Prospective	189	TPOAb can be considered a marker for increased risk of fracture in euthyroid post-menopausal women	2017	[37]
Retroscpective	335	TPOAb can be considered a marker for increased risk of fracture	2017	[38]
Subclinical hypothyroidism
Prospective	4248	Subclinical hypothyroidism is not predictive of incident hip fracture	2018	[23]
Retrospective	471	Subclinical hypothyroidism is not associated with lower BMD	2014	[39]
Cross-sectional	4963	Subclinical hypothyroidism is not associated with increased hip fracture rate	2014	[40]
Prospective	82	Subclinical hypothyroidism has an increased fracture risk	2013	[41]
Prospective	3567	Subclinical hypothyroidism has an increased risk of hip fracture	2010	[42]
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
Prospective	4248	Subclinical hyperthyroidism is not predictive of incident hip fracture	2018	[23]
Cross-sectional	4963	Subclinical hyperthyroidism is not associated with increased hip fracture rate	2014	[40]
Prospective	3567	Subclinical hyperthyroidism has an increased risk of hip fracture	2010	[42]