Table II.
Mechanism | Effect |
---|---|
Halts the glycosylation of ACE2R | Reduces binding of spike protein of coronavirus to ACE2R on host cell |
Increases the endosomal and lysosomal pH | Prevents fusion of the virus with host cells and subsequent replication |
Prevents antigen processing and MHC-II–mediated autoantigen presentation to T cells | Reduces T-cell activation and expression of CD154 and other cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) |
Disrupts the interaction of cytosolic viral DNA/RNA with TLRs and the nucleic acid sensor cGAS∗ | Halts transcription of proinflammatory genes attenuating the possibility of cytokine storm (type I interferons, IL-1, TNF-α) |
ACE2R, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor; cGAS, cyclic guanosine monophosphate- adenosine monophosphate synthase; IL, interleukin; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Hydroxychloroquine only.