Table 1.

Observational studies of mental health concerns related to COVID-19.

Author	Country of origin	Population(s) studied	Methodology	Study instruments	Results
Wang et al., 2020	China	General population (n = 1210)	Online survey	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)	16.5% moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; 8.1% moderate to severe stress
Xiao et al., 2020a	China	Medical staff treating patients with COVID-19 (n = 180)	Cross-sectional, self-rated questionnaire	Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS); General Self-Efficiency Scale (SES); Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASR); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS)	Mean anxiety scores 55.3 ± 14.2; anxiety positively correlated with stress and negatively with sleep quality, social support and self-efficiency (p < .05, all correlations)
Li et al., 2020	China	General public (n = 214); front-line nurses (n = 234); non-front line nurse (n = 292)	Cross-sectional, self-rated survey using a mobile app	Chinese version of the Vicarious Traumatization Scale	Traumatization related to COVID-19 higher among non-front line than front-line nurses (p < .001); traumatization among the general public higher than for front-line nurses (p < .005) but not non-front-line nurses
Xiao et al., 2020b	China	Individuals in self-isolation for 14 days (n = 170)	Cross-sectional, self-rated questionnaire	Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS); Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASR); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); Personal Social Capital Scale (PSCI-16)	Mean anxiety score 55.4 ± 14.3; Anxiety positively correlated with stress and negatively with sleep quality and social capital; social capital positively correlated with sleep quality. (p < .05, all correlations)