Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by participation status.
| Characteristic | Control n = 118 | Phase 1 n = 101 | Phase 2 n = 37 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 69 (58, 78) | 68 (58, 78) | 70 (61, 81) | 0.67 |
| Gender | 0.46 | |||
| Male | 44 (37.3) | 39 (38.6) | 18 (48.7) | |
| Female | 74 (62.7) | 62 (61.4) | 19 (51.4) | |
| Race | 0.07 | |||
| White | 75 (63.6) | 53 (52.5) | 29 (78.4) | |
| Black | 40 (33.9) | 46 (45.5) | 8 (21.6) | |
| Other | 3 (2.5) | 2 (1.9) | 0 | |
| Prescription insurance | 0.96 | |||
| Medicare | 69 (58.5) | 61 (60.4) | 21 (56.8) | |
| Commercial | 37 (31.4) | 28 (27.7) | 11 (29.7) | |
| Medicaid | 12 (10.2) | 12 (11.9) | 5 (13.5) | |
| CCI score, mean (SD) | 4.2 (2.4) | 4.6 (2.8) | 5.3 (2.8) | 0.10 |
| median (IQR) | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 6) | 5 (4, 7) | |
| No. medications at discharge, median (IQR) | 10 (7, 14) | 11 (8, 17) | 11 (7, 16) | 0.04 * |
| Discharged from | 0.14 | |||
| Hospital | 113 (95.8) | 90 (89.1) | 33 (89.2) | |
| Rehabilitation facility | 5 (4.2) | 11 (10.9) | 4 (10.8) | |
| Length of stay (days), Median (IQR) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 4) | <0.001 ^ |
| No. ED visits during previous 6 months, median (IQR) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.15 |
| Discharge diagnosis | 0.05 | |||
| CCVD or related procedure | 18 (15.3) | 22 (21.8) | 14 (37.8) | |
| COPD | 2 (1.7) | 4 (3.9) | 0 | |
| Pneumonia | 3 (2.5) | 5 (4.9) | 2 (5.4) | |
| Other | 95 (80.5) | 70 (69.3) | 21 (56.8) | |
| LACE Index | <0.0001 # | |||
| Low | 9 (7.6) | 3 (2.9) | 2 (5.4) | |
| Moderate | 79 (66.9) | 38 (37.6) | 9 (24.3) | |
| High | 30 (25.4) | 60 (59.4) | 26 (70.3) | |
| Intervention delivery | 0.11 | |||
| Face-to-face | - | 3 (2.9) | 4 (10.8) | |
| Telephonic | - | 59 (58.4) | 23 (62.2) | |
| No encounter | - | 30 (38.6) | 10 (27.0) | |
| Pharmacist intervention time, minutes, mean (SD) | - | - | 33 (9.5) | |
| Days from discharge to intervention, median (IQR) | - | 3 (2, 5) | 6 (4, 8) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; No., number; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCVD, cardiovascular and/or cerebrovascular disease; ED, emergency department; LACE, length of stay, acuity of visit, comorbidity, emergency department visit; med rec, medication reconciliation; IQR, interquartile range. Data presented as frequency (percent) or median (IQR) as appropriate; p represents the results of the Χ2-test for categorical variables and t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum, as appropriate, for continuous variables. * p-value indicates test for difference between all three groups; between Phase 1 and control, p = 0.007; between Phase 1 and Phase 2, p = 0.73; between Phase 2 and control, p = 0.10. ^ p-value indicates test for difference between all three groups; between Phase 1 and control, p = 0.02; between Phase 1 and Phase 2, p = 0.96; between Phase 2 and control, p = 0.13. # p-value indicates test for difference between all three groups; between Phase 1 and control, p < 0.0001; between Phase 1 and Phase 2, p = 0.31; between Phase 2 and control, p < 0.0001.