Table 2.

Treatment options to ameliorate MSG-induced reproductive tissue alterations.

Serial number	Effect of MSG and Treatment	Animals Used and Body Weight	Days of Administration and Type	Number of Rats and Dosages	Authors
1	Histological alterations (blood hemorrhage, distorted germ cells, and few Sertoli cells) Damaged seminiferous tubules Treatment with graviola extract (GE) Improved seminiferous tubules and germ cell Restored testis configuration	Albino rats 120–150 g	4–8 weeks Oral	48 rats: 4 (12/group) Group 1: distilled water Group 2: GE (100 mg/kg) Group 3: MSG (4 mg/kg) Group 4: MSG (4 weeks) + GE (4 weeks)	[17]
2	Reduced testis and epididymis weight Reduced sperm motility, count, and viability Treatment with vitamin C Restored MSG effect on organ weight Repaired sperm characteristics	Albino rats	65 days Oral: Vit C Intraperitoneal: MSG	30 rats: 5(6/group) Control: DW Group 2: Vit. C (100 mg/kg) Group 3: MSG (2 mg/kg) Group 4: MSG + Vit C Group 5: 2 MSG + Vit C	[18]
3	Reduced testicular antioxidant activities Increased lipid peroxidation Low testosterone and luteinizing hormones Sperm motility and abnormalities Downregulation of steroidogenesis genes Treatment with camel milk and vitamin E Restored antioxidant and hormone levels Upregulated genes and restored sperm analysis	Wistar rats 170–200 g	28 days Oral	40 rats: 4 (10/group) Control: DW MSG (2 g/kg) MSG + Vit E (20 mg/kg) MSG + camel milk (166.6 mL/24 h/10 rats)	[19]
4	Increased oxidative stress (MDA) Reduced antioxidant activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) Altered histology of the testis Treatment with vitamin E and selenium Ameliorated MSG effect on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities Restored testicular histological structures	Wistar rats 150–200 g	30 days Oral	120: 12 (10) rats Control:1 mg corn oil MSG: 6 mg/kg MSG: 17.5 mg/kg MSG: 60 mg/kg Vit. E: 150 mg/kg Vit. E: 200 mg/kg Selenium (Se): 0.25 mg/kg Se: 1.0 mg/kg MSG 60 mg/kg + Vit E 150 mg/kg MSG 60 mg/kg + Vit E 200 mg/kg MSG 60 mg/kg + Se 0.25 mg/kg MSG 60 mg/kg + Se 1.0 mg/kg	[7]
5	Decreased body and testis weight Decreased testosterone and semen quality Treatment with propolis Increased body and testis weight Elevated testosterone and semen quality	Rabbits	12 weeks Oral	20 rats: 4 (5/group) Group 1: control Group 2: propolis (50 mg/kg) Group 3: MSG (8 mg/kg) Group 4: propolis + MSG	[20]
6	Low testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level Reduced epididymal sperm concentration No change in the luteinizing hormone (LH) Treatment with quince leaf extract Improvement in testosterone and FSH level Reduced sperm motility induced by MSG	Wistar rats 120 ± 20 g	8 weeks Intraperitoneal	60 rats: 6 (10/group) Control: no treatment MSG 30 mg/kg MSG 60 mg/kg MSG 30 mg/kg + quince extract (QE) 500 mg/kg MSG 60mg + QE 500 mg/kg QE 500 mg/kg	[21]
7	Decreased testis weight and sperm count Histological alteration and reduced hormone Spermatogenic loss and deformed Sertoli cells Treatment with curcumin Improved histopathological alteration Increased sperm count and sex hormones	Sprague Dawley rats 140 ± 5 g	Oral	65 rats in total Control: 10 rats Group 2: 15 rats—150 mg/kg curcumin Group 3: 20 rats—4 mg/kg MSG Group 4: 20 rats—MSG + curcumin	[22]