Table 31-4.
Risk Factors for Getting Acute Respiratory Infection
| Personal Health Factors | Local Environmental Factors |
|---|---|
| Small Child | Poverty |
| Low birth weight/prematurity | Low family income/parent education level |
| < 5 years old, and especially <1 year old | ↓ Access to clean water, sanitation, clothing, housing, health care, immunizations |
| Lack of Breastfeeding | Crowding |
| Malnutrition | Large families, late–birth order children, early child care groups, peri-urban slums |
| Kwashiorkor/marasmus | Indoor Air Pollution |
| Micronutrient deficiency (zinc, vitamin A) | Use of biomass fuel (wood products, refuse, dung) |
| Underlying Heart or Lung Disease | Tobacco smoke exposure |
| Left-to-right shunt/heart failure | Outdoor Air Pollution |
| Bronchiectasis/cystic fibrosis | Vehicle emissions/CO |
| Asthma/ciliary dyskinesia | Geographic Factors |
| Immunodeficiency | High rainfall? |
| HIV infection | High altitude? |
| Immunosuppression | Wet or cold season |
| Congenital immunodeficiency |