TABLE 4.4.
U.S. Network Partners' Relative Contributions to Vaccine Research and Development
| Research |
Development |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic/Related | Targeted | Process | Clinical | Manufacture | Postlicensure Studies | |
| NIH | +++ | +++ | — | ++ | — | — |
| CDC | — | — | — | — | — | ++ |
| FDA | — | + | + | + | — | + |
| DOD | + | + | + | + | — | + |
| USAID | — | + | — | + | — | — |
| Large company | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| Small company | + | +++ | ± | ± | ± | — |
| Academia | +++ | +++ | +++ | — | — | |
| NGOs (PDPs) | — | + | ± | +++ | ± | — |
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; DOD, Department of Defense; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; NGO, nongovernmental organization; NIH, National Institutes of Health; PDP, product development partnerships; USAID, U.S. Agency for International Development.
Relative contribution: +++, major; ++, intermediate; +, minor; ±, varies by company.
Modified from Marcuse EK, Braiman J, Douglas RG, et al, for the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. United States vaccine research: A delicate fabric of political and private collaboration. Pediatrics. 1997;100:1015–1020.