Table 15-2.

General Efficacy of Select Antimicrobial Agents Used in Exotic Animals.

Infectious Agent	Antimicrobial Agent
Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria (in general)	•Aminoglycosides (select) (amikacin, gentamicin) •Azalides (i.e., azithromycin) •Cephalosporins •Chloramphenicol •Erythromycin •Florfenicol •Fluoroquinolones •Lincosamides •Macrolides •Penicillins •Tetracyclines
Staphylococcus spp.	•Aminoglycosides (select) (amikacin, gentamicin) •Azithromycin •β-lactams (early-generation) •Cephalosporins (cefovecin, cefpodoxime) •Chloramphenicol •Clindamycin •Fluoroquinolones •Lincosamides •Macrolides •Penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanate) •Trimethoprim/sulfas
Streptococcus spp.	•Azithromycin •β-lactams (early-generation) •Cephalosporins •Chloramphenicol •Clindamycin •Lincosamides •Macrolides •Penicillins •Tetracyclines •Trimethoprim/sulfas
Clostridium spp. and other anaerobes	•Azithromycin •Cephalosporins (cefotetan, cefoxitin) •Chloramphenicol •Clindamycin •Erythromycin •Florfenicol •Lincomycin •Metronidazolea •Penicillins (amoxicillin/clavulanate) •Tetracyclines
Gram-negative bacteria
Enterobacteriaceae (in general)	•Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin) •Azalides •Carbapenems •Cephalosporins (third/fourth-generation) •Fluoroquinolones •Penicillins (extended-spectrum) •Trimethoprim/sulfas
Campylobacter spp.	•Amoxicillin •Azithromycin •Ceftriazone •Chloramphenicol •Clindamycin •Doxycycline •Erythromycin •Fluoroquinolones •Furazolidone •Gentamicin •Neomycin
Pasteurella spp. (resistance may occur)	•Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin) •Chloramphenicols (chloramphenicol, florfenicol) •Erythromycin •Fluoroquinolones •Penicillins •Sulfonamides •Tetracyclines •Trimethoprim/sulfas
Pseudomonas spp. (often resistant)	•Aminoglycosides (frequently in combination with an advanced-generation β-lactam) •Carbapenems •Ceftazidime and fourth-generation cephalosporins (frequently in combination with an aminoglycoside) •Chloramphenicol •Fluoroquinolones •Penicillins (advanced-generation) (carbenicillin, ticarcillin; frequently in combination with an aminoglycoside)
Salmonella spp.	•Aminoglycosides •Chloramphenicol •Fluoroquinolones •Penicillins (advanced-generation) •Trimethoprim/sulfas
Chlamydia	•Azithromycin •Enrofloxacin (vs. some species) •Erythromycin •Tetracyclines (doxycyline)
Mycoplasma spp.	•Azithromycin •Chloramphenicol •Clindamycin •Enrofloxacin •Lincosamides •Macrolides •Tetracyclines

^aEffective vs. most obligate anaerobes; inactive vs. most aerobic bacteria or facultative anaerobes.