Table 103-1.

Conditions Associated with Osteonecrosis

Dietary, Drugs, and Environmental Factors

Corticosteroids155, 156, 157 Bisphosphonates130, 158, 159 Alcoholism22, 160 Cigarette smoking22 Dysbaric osteonecrosis4, 161 Lead poisoning162, 163 Electric shock164, 165

Musculoskeletal Conditions: Compromise in Structural Integrity

Trauma166 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease31, 167 Congenital hip dislocation168, 169 Slipped femoral capital epiphysis170, 171

Metabolic Diseases: Abnormality in Fat or Other Metabolic Component

Fat embolism172, 173 Pancreatitis69, 71, 174, 175 Chronic liver disease176 Pregnancy42, 177 Fabry's disease178, 179 Gaucher's disease43, 180 Gout181 Hyperparathyroidism182 Hyperlipidemia172, 173 Hypercholesterolemia181 Diabetes183

Hematologic Conditions: Abnormalities in Blood Components

Sickle cell anema118, 184, 185 Hemophilia46, 47, 49 Hemoglobinopathies Thalassemia186 Disseminated intravascular coagulation103, 187, 188, 189 Thrombophilia190 Hypofibrinolysis190, 191 Marrow infiltrative disorders Thrombophlebitis/venous thrombosis192

Rheumatologic Conditions

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome193 Rheumatoid arthritis194 Inflammatory bowel disease195, 196 Necrotizing arteritis197 Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome198 Polymyositis199 Sarcoidosis70 Mixed connective tissue disease

Infectious Diseases

Human immunodeficiency virus infection200, 201 Osteomyelitis202 Meningococcemia187, 203, 204 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)54, 106, 205

Oncologic Disorders, Transplantation, and Their Treatment

Organ transplantation (with or without corticosteroid exposure)206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 Radiation exposure212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217 Regional deep hyperthermia218 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia219, 220