TABLE 21-3.
Causes of Upper-Airway Obstruction and Stridora
| Acute | Persistent30 |
|---|---|
| Infectious | Congenital |
| Viral laryngotracheitis (croup) Bacterial tracheitis |
Laryngotracheal web, cleft, cyst, hemangioma |
| Epiglottitis, supraglottitis | Tracheal stenosis |
| Peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, or parapharyngeal abscess | Vascular ring |
| Laryngotracheal malacia | |
| Tracheobronchitis associated with immunodeficiency31 | Neuromuscular disorder Cystic hygroma |
| Noninfectious | Acquired |
| Angioedema | Posttraumatic tracheal stenosis |
| Foreign body | Foreign-body aspiration |
| Necrotizing tracheobronchitis in neonates32, 33 | Mediastinal mass (tumor, lymphatic, vascular) |
| Recurrent/episodic | Papilloma (perinatally acquired) |
| Spasmodic croup Gastroesophageal reflux34 |
Posttraumatic spinal cord, vagal or glossopharyngeal nerve, or vocal cord damage |
| Bulbar neuropathy (infectious, postinfectious, malignant) |
a
Superscript numbers indicate references.