TABLE 21-10.

Causes of Hemoptysis in Children

Epithelial Damage	Vascular Abnormality/Damage
Acute infection (bacterial and fungal) Bronchiectasis (cystic fibrosis, non-CF, immunodeficiency, retained foreign body) Trauma (airway or chest) Foreign body Tumor (primary airway or pulmonary, metastatic)	Congenital heart disease or pulmonary vascular anomalies (venous obstruction, arteriovenous fistulae) Congenital malformation (pulmonary sequestration) Autoimmune vasculitis (systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Goodpasture syndrome) Sickle-cell disease Pulmonary hemosiderosis Nonspecific endothelial damage (chemical, drug)