Table 2.

Pathogens in human and animal waste that can be transmitted by water

Organism		Disease	Numbers in feces (per gram)
Bacteria:
	Campylobacter	Gastroenteritis	10 million
	Leptospira	Weil disease
	Pathogenic E. coli	Gastroenteritis	100 million
	Salmonella	Typhoid, paratyphoid, salmonellosis	100 million
	Shigella	Bacillary dysentery	10 million
	Vibrio	Cholera	10 million
	Yersinia	Gastroenteritis
Protozoa:
	Balantidium coli	Dysentery, colonic ulceration
	Cryptosporidium	Diarrhea	100 000–1 million
	Cyclospora	Watery diarrhea alternating with constipation
	Entamoeba histolytica	Amoebic dysentery	100 000
	Giardia lamblia	Diarrhea, malabsorption	100 000–1 million
	Microsporidium	Chronic diarrhea, weight loss
	Toxoplasma	Toxoplasmosis
Helminths:
	Ancylostoma (hookworm)	Anemia	100
	Ascaris (roundworm)	Ascariasis	10 000
	Necator (hookworm)	Anemia
	Schistosoma	Schistosomiasis
	Strongyloides (threadworm)	Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea
	Taenia (tapeworm)	Teniasis	10 000
	Toxocara (roundworm)	Fever, abdominal pain
	Trichuris (whipworm)	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	1000
Viruses:
	Adenovirus	Respiratory illness, conjuntivitis, vomiting, diarrhea	100 billion
	Astrovirus	Vomiting, diarrhea
	Calicivirus	Vomiting, diarrhea
	Coronavirus	Vomiting, diarrhea
	Enterovirus:		10 million
	Poliovirus	Paralysis, meningitis, fever
	Coxsackie A	Meningitis, fever, herpangina, respiratory illness, paralysis
	Coxsackie B	Myocarditis, congenital heart anomalies, rash, fever, meningitis, respiratory illness, pleurodynia
	Echovirus	Meningitis, encephalitis, respiratory illness, rash, diarrhea, fever, myocarditis, endocarditis
	Enterovirus 68–71	Meningitis, encephalitis, respiratory illness, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, fever
	Hepatitis A virus	Infectious hepatitis	10 million–10 billion
	Hepatitis E virus	Hepatitis
	Norovirus	Epidemic vomiting and diarrhea
	Reovirus	Respiratory illness
	Rotavirus	Diarrhea, vomiting	100 billion