TABLE 25-1.

Biologic Parameters of Normal Healthy Newborn Camelids

Parameter	Reference Range?
Birth weight (kilograms)	5 to 11 alpacas (Vicugna pacos) 9 to 18 llamas (Lama glama)
Temperature (°C)	37.7 to 38.9
Pulse (beats per minute [beats/min])	60 to 100
Respiration (beats/min)	10 to 30
Time to standing (minutes)	30 (10 to 120)
Time to nursing (minutes)	45 (20 to 180)
Nursing frequency	Several sessions per hour lasting 1 to 3 minutes
Meconium passage (hours)*	<18 hours
Urination (hours)	<18 hours
Daily gain Kg (first 3 months of life)**	0.2 to 0.4 (alpaca), 0.4 to 0.8 (llama)

^*Meconium passage should occur about 8 hours after a normal feeding.

^**Most neonates will register a slight drop in weight in the first 24 hours.