Table 32-1.
Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
| Group | Nucleic Acid | Envelope | Types | Disease/Syndrome* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenovirus | DNA | No | 1–47 | Common cold; bronchitis; bronchiolitis; pharyngoconjunctival fever; acute respiratory disease (ARD) in military recruits; pneumonia |
| Coronavirus | RNA | Yes | 229E, OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV | Common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) |
| Hantavirus | RNA | Yes | Multiple | Acute respiratory distress, pneumonitis |
| Orthomyxovirus | RNA | Yes | ||
| Influenza virus | A, B, C | Influenza; common cold; pharyngitis; croup; bronchitis; bronchiolitis; pneumonia | ||
| Paramyxoviruses | RNA | Yes | ||
| Measles virus | Measles; pneumonia; bronchiectasis | |||
| Parainfluenza virus | 1–4 | Common cold; croup; bronchitis; bronchiolitis; pneumonia | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | A, B | Common cold; croup; bronchitis; bronchiolitis; pneumonia | ||
| Human metapneumovirus | A, B | Bronchiolitis, common cold | ||
| Picornaviruses | RNA | No | ||
| Enterovirus | ||||
| Coxsackievirus | 1–24 | Type A21 colds and ARD; others (types 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10); herpangina | ||
| Echovirus | 1–34 | Common cold (importance uncertain) | ||
| Rhinovirus | 1–100 | Common cold | ||
| Herpes viruses | DNA | Yes | ||
| Herpes simplex virus | 1, 2 | Acute pharyngitis in normal persons; chronic ulcerative pharyngitis; tracheitis; pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 1 | Mononucleosis; acute and chronic pharyngitis; pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients | ||
| Varicella-zoster virus | 1 | Pneumonia in normal persons and immunosuppressed patients | ||
| Epstein-Barr virus | 1 | Mononucleosis; acute and chronic pharyngitis | ||
| Human herpesvirus 6 | 1 | Pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients | ||
| Filovirus | RNA | Yes | Marburg; Ebola 1, 2 | Pharyngitis as an early manifestation of hemorrhagic fever |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | RNA | Yes | 1, 2 | Pharyngitis with primary infection; secondary pulmonary infections due to immunodeficiency |
| Papillomavirus | DNA | No | >60 | Laryngeal and tracheobronchial papillomatosis |
*
Bacterial infections, including sinusitis, otitis media, and pneumonia, complicate respiratory virus infection. Also, infection with the respiratory viruses may precipitate attacks of asthma and cause exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.