TABLE 11.1.
Immunohistochemistry for Hepatitis B
| HBsAg |
HBcAg |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Membranous | Cytoplasmic | Nuclear | Cytoplasmic | |
| Immune tolerance phase | ++ | ++ (individual cells) | ++ | − |
| Immune clearance phase | −/+ | + (individual cells) | + (few cells) | +/− |
| Low-replication states (chronic carriers) | − | ++ (clustered cells) | −/+ (rare cells) | − |
| HDV/HCV coinfection | + | +/− | − | − |
| HBV in immunodeficiency states | ++ | +/− | ++ | + |
−, Absent; +, present; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDV, hepatitis D virus.