Table 1.

Environmental changes caused by humans and bioterrorism-related diseases they may impact

Environmental change	Description	Disease
Urbanization	Increasing migration to and growth within towns	Influenza (pandemic), severe acute respiratory syndrome, plague, diseases caused by fecal-oral pathogens (Entamoeba histolitica, Giardia lamblia), multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Agricultural intensification	Changing crop and animal management practices, fertilization, increased interplay between humans and domesticated animals	Avian fly, brucellosis, psittacosis, Q fever, salmonellosis, anthrax, Nipah virus infection
De(re)forestation	Loss of forest cover, large fires, changing water flow patterns, reforestation, and human encroachment along and into forested areas	Tick-borne hemorrhagic fevers, mosquito-borne encephalitis complex, hantavirus hemorrhagic fevers
Water projects	Water flow changes due to dam construction and irrigation networks	Infections caused by Escherichia coli, pathogenic vibrios, Shigella sp., Cryptospridium parvum, noroviruses infections, Hepatitis A
Climate changes	Change temperature and precipitation	Yellow fever West Nile fever and some other vector-borne diseases

Notes: Mosquito-borne encephalitis complex: Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, and Western equine encephalitis, La Crosse and California encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis; tick-borne hemorrhagic fevers: Kyasanur Forest hemorrhagic fever, Crimean/Congo hemorrhagic fever, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever.