Table 21-3.

Factors Associated with Risk of Diarrhea or Cryptosporidial Infection in Hand-Reared Calves

Risk Factor	Increased Risk	Decreased Risk
Calving Area	Being born in loose housing
Many cows in maternity pen	Yes
Floor of maternity pen	Soil	Concrete
Daily removal of soiled bedding from maternity pen and calf-raising areas	No	Yes
Ease of calving	Assistance	No assistance
Cleanliness of cows	Dirty	Clean
Feeding Method	Use of a nipple	Feeding from bucket
Number of milk feeds a day	One	Two
Feeding Concentrate	None	Yes
Solid food	High-moisture ear corn
Building	Damp	Dry
Bedding	Damp	Dry
Ammonia smell in building	Present	None
Restraint method for calves	Tying by a collar	Loose
Quarantine Facilities for Sick Calves or Cows	Yes	No
Stocking Density	Tie stall: Less than 1.6 m2 per calf Free stall: Less than 1 m2 per calf	Tie stall: More than 1.6 m2 Free stall: More than 1 m2
Placing calf pens against a wall	Yes	No
Vaccination Against Enteric Pathogens	Yes	Vaccination against enteric disease caused by Escherichia coli
Calf rearer	Adult male	Women or children
Herd Size	Large

(From data in references 98., 99., 100., 101., 102., 103..)