Table 2:
Average eating-out frequency per week of subjects by the general characteristics and dietary habit according to years
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | Total | p for trenda | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ||
| Total | 4.3 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.04 | 0.0011(+) |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Male(n) | 5.8 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 6.1 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 0.0683(+) |
| Female(n) | 2.8 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.04 | <.0001(+) |
| Age (yr) | |||||||||||||||
| 19∼29yr(n) | 6.4 | 0.2 | 6.8 | 0.3 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 6.6 | 0.3 | 6.1 | 0.3 | 6.3 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 0.2297(−) |
| 30∼39yr(n) | 5.2 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 0.0005(+) |
| 40∼49yr(n) | 4.6 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5.7 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 0.1 | 0.0006(+) |
| 50∼59yr(n) | 3.7 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 0.1 | <.0001(+) |
| More than 60yr(n) | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.04 | <.0001(+) |
| Education level | |||||||||||||||
| Below high school(n) | 1.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.0248(+) |
| High school graduate(n) | 4.2 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 0.3140(+) |
| More than College(n) | 5.7 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 0.2 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 0.3062(+) |
| Household income1) | |||||||||||||||
| Low(n) | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.6888(−) |
| Middle-low(n) | 4.1 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 0.7557(+) |
| Middle-high(n) | 4.8 | 0.2 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 0.2866(+) |
| High(n) | 5.2 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 6.1 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 0.1 | <.0001(+) |
| Marital status | |||||||||||||||
| Unmarried(n) | 6.7 | 0.2 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 6.7 | 0.3 | 6.5 | 0.3 | 6.6 | 0.2 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 0.3400(−) |
| Married(n) | 3.6 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.04 | <.0001(+) |
| Area of residence | |||||||||||||||
| Urban(n) | 4.7 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.05 | 0.1519(+) |
| Rural area(n) | 2.9 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.0009(+) |
| Occupation | |||||||||||||||
| Unemployed(n) | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.05 | 0.0115(+) |
| Employed(n) | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 5.7 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 0.0028(+) |
| Family number | |||||||||||||||
| 1(n) | 5.1 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.7526(−) |
| 2(n) | 4.7 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 4.6 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 0.3 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.0001(+) |
| 3(n) | 4.2 | 0.4 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 0.0147(+) |
| 4(n) | 4.0 | 0.4 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 0.1 | 0.0286(+) |
| 5(n) | 4.5 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 0.2 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 0.4373(+) |
| 6(n) | 4.6 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 0.2 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 0.2301(− +) |
| Food security2) | |||||||||||||||
| Food secure group(n) | 4.6 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 0.2014(+) |
| Mildly insecure group(n) | 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 0.0001(+) |
| Moderately insecure group(n) | 2.8 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.2 | 0.7118(+) |
| Severely insecure group(n) | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.3228(+) |
| Snack | |||||||||||||||
| Yes(n) | 4.4 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 0.05 | 0.0155(+) |
| No(n) | 2.7 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.0002(+) |
| Daily meal pattern3) | |||||||||||||||
| B+L+D(n) | 4.1 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 0.0070(+) |
| B+L(n) | 3.1 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 0.0715(+) |
| B+D(n) | 4.1 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 0.7120(−) |
| L+D(n) | 5.2 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 0.0352(+) |
| Others(n) | 5.4 | 0.6 | 4.6 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 5.1 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 0.9364(−) |
note:
p for trend by General Lineal Model calculated from Survey procedure of SAS
house income was calculated based on total household income of residents and then divided into quartiles from poorest to wealthiest; low, mid-low, mid-high, and high.
Food security status was categorized into four groups: 1) food secure group, able to meet essential food and non-food needs without depletion of assets for all family members; 2) mildly insecure group, with minimally adequate food consumption, but unable to afford some essential non-food expenditures without depletion of assets; 3) moderately insecure group, marginally able to meet minimum food needs because of insufficient money; and 4) severely insecure group, often not having enough food to eat because of insufficient money, with large food consumption gaps.
meal pattern :B+ L+D(breakfast+ lunch+dinner), B+L(breakfast+ lunch), B+D(breakfast+dinner), L+D(lunch+dinner), others