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Two functions of FPP and GGPP. Left, FPP and GGPP can be covalently attached to proteins, especially GTPases, by the isoprenyltransferases FTase and GGTase in processes called farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, respectively. Right, FPP and GGPP can directly interact with other proteins as ligands via noncovalent binding to regulate their activities. For example, GGPP can interact with Skp2 and PPARγ, whereas FPP interacts with FXR.
