Table 2.

Multilevel models to assess associations between female medical officer availability in district primary health centers (PHCs) and their associations with modern contraceptive use, antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth assistance, maternal and infant postnatal care, and child immunization from 256 districts in 18 states.

Variables in%	Modern contraceptive use (any)	4+ ANC visits	Skilled birth attendance	Maternal postnatal care	Full immunization of children 12–23 months	Infant postnatal care
	β (CI)	β (CI)	β (CI)	β (CI)	β (CI)	β (CI)
PHCs having Lady Medical Officer (LMO)	0.045* (0.0078,0.08)	0.07* (0.0088,0.13)	0.088* (0.03,0.14)	0.076* (0.03,0.12)	0.046 (−0.03,0.12)	0.02 (−0.02,0.07)
Covariates:
Households with improved drinking water source	0.25* (0.01,0.49)	0.19 (−0.0009,0.4)	0.15* (0.03,0.28)	0.10 (−0.07,0.27)	0.16 (−0.09,0.42)	0.12 (−0.027,0.27)
Households with health scheme or health insurance	0.09 (−0.08,0.27)	0.12 (−0.02,0.26)	0.09 (−0.03,0.23)	0.01 (−0.13,0.17)	0.08 (−0.13,0.3)	−0.018 (−0.13,0.09)
Women with 10+ years of education	0.14 (−0.17,0.45)	0.45* (0.23,0.68)	0.56* (0.32,0.8)	0.58* (0.44,0.72)	0.46* (0.12,0.79)	0.18* (0.07,0.29)
Urban population	−0.05 (−0.19,0.08)	0.007 (−0.13,0.14)	−0.0057 (−0.1,0.09)	−0.002 (−0.1,0.1)	−0.07 (−0.26,0.12)	−0.019 (−0.12,0.09)
Sub-center with Male Health Worker	0.01 (−0.039,0.06)	0.013 (−0.11,0.14)	0.07 (−0.005,0.15)	0.04 (−0.04,0.12)	0.007 (−0.12,0.13)	0.023 (−0.018,0.06)
Number of PHCs sampled in the district	0.34* (0.006,0.67)	0.3 (−0.04,0.65)	0.27* (0.07,0.46)	0.31* (0.06,0.56)	0.12 (−0.39,0.6)	0.25* (0.01,0.49)
Sigma_u	10.85	15.38	9.95	11.94	13.5	6.82
Sigma_e	10.26	10.24	8.19	9.91	12.9	8.77
rho	0.528	0.692	0.595	0.592	0.524	0.376
Wald chi2 (p-value)	35.07 (<0.0001)	36.11(<0.0001)	45.8 (<0.0001)	292.1 (<0.0001)	29.58 (0.0001)	36.1 (<0.001)

Significant effects at P < 0.05 are noted in bold (*); models adjusted for robust standard errors.