Table 2.
Factors associated with bullying amongst the adolescent, per WHO region.
| Overall |
Asia region |
Africa region |
Eastern Mediterranean region |
Region of Americas |
Western Pacific Region |
European Region |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model-1 | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value |
| Boys | 1·27 (1·18-1·37) | <0·001 | 1·65 (1·47-1·85) | <0·001 | 0·87 (0·79-0·96) | 0·004 | 1·28 (1·04-1·57) | 0·018 | 1·05 (0·98-1·13) | 0·167 | 1·08 (1-1·17) | 0·063 | 0·92 (0·69-1·24) | 0·598 |
| 14-15 years | 1·14 (1·04-1·26) | 0·007 | 1·09 (0·9-1·33) | 0·375 | 1·05 (0·93-1·18) | 0·472 | 1·15 (1-1·32) | 0·056 | 1·14 (1·03-1·26) | 0·009 | 1·45 (1·23-1·72) | <0·001 | 0·99 (0·74-1·33) | 0·946 |
| 11-13 years | 1·09 (0·95-1·25) | 0·229 | 1·08 (0·86-1·36) | 0·521 | 1·1 (0·94-1·3) | 0·238 | 1·19 (0·97-1·47) | 0·103 | 1·18 (1·04-1·33) | 0·009 | 1·62 (1·4-1·86) | <0·001 | 1·2 (0·82-1·74) | 0·343 |
| SES (Below average) | 1·56 (1·45-1·68) | <0·001 | 1·48 (1·27-1·73) | <0·001 | 1·89 (1·73-2·07) | <0·001 | 1·67 (1·41-1·97) | <0·001 | 2·23 (2·03-2·45) | <0·001 | 0·82 (0·71-0·94) | 0·006 | 0·66 (0·5-0·87) | 0·003 |
| Peers supportive | 0·71 (0·66-0·76) | <0·001 | ||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·57 (0·5-0·64) | <0·001 | 0·65 (0·58-0·72) | <0·001 | 1·11 (0·94-1·3) | 0·222 | 1·14 (0·99-1·31) | 0·072 | 0·94 (0·85-1·03) | 0·182 | 0·61 (0·53-0·72) | <0·001 | 0·55 (0·32-0·97) | 0·037 |
| Most of the times | 0·46 (0·42-0·51) | <0·001 | 0·52 (0·43-0·65) | <0·001 | 0·76 (0·63-0·91) | 0·003 | 0·78 (0·63-0·97) | 0·025 | 0·68 (0·61-0·76) | <0·001 | 0·53 (0·43-0·65) | <0·001 | 0·36 (0·2-0·64) | <0·001 |
| Always | 0·81 (0·74-0·88) | <0·001 | 0·41 (0·35-0·49) | <0·001 | 0·64 (0·55-0·74) | <0·001 | 0·61 (0·53-0·71) | <0·001 | 0·45 (0·39-0·51) | <0·001 | 0·9 (0·81-1) | 0·055 | 0·95 (0·62-1·48) | 0·835 |
| Parents or guardians understood problem | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·80 (0·744-0·87) | <0·001 | 0·74 (0·63-0·86) | <0·001 | 1·2 (1·06-1·36) | 0·005 | 1·01 (0·83-1·22) | 0·925 | 0·98 (0·89-1·07) | 0·636 | 0·79 (0·68-0·9) | <0·001 | 0·88 (0·55-1·41) | 0·587 |
| Most of the times | 0·74 (0·67-0·81) | <0·001 | 0·71 (0·6-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·73 (0·62-0·86) | <0·001 | 0·91 (0·76-1·09) | 0·317 | 0·75 (0·68-0·82) | <0·001 | 0·67 (0·57-0·79) | <0·001 | 0·49 (0·37-0·66) | <0·001 |
| Always | 0·63 (0·58-0·69) | <0·001 | 0·65 (0·54-0·77) | <0·001 | 0·69 (0·6-0·81) | <0·001 | 0·66 (0·59-0·74) | <0·001 | 0·53 (0·48-0·58) | <0·001 | 0·91 (0·81-1·03) | 0·139 | 0·73 (0·52-1·03) | 0·069 |
| Parents or guardians knew about free time | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·83 (074-0·92) | 0·001 | 0·82 (0·68-0·99) | 0·039 | 1·16 (1·03-1·31) | 0·014 | 1·03 (0·87-1·22) | 0·741 | 0·98 (0·88-1·1) | 0·735 | 0·7 (0·6-0·81) | <0·001 | 0·87 (0·54-1·41) | 0·580 |
| Most of the times | 0·69 (0·63-0·76) | <0·001 | 0·68 (0·58-0·79) | <0·001 | 0·83 (0·73-0·94) | 0·003 | 1·01 (0·8-1·27) | 0·935 | 0·78 (0·7-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·61 (0·52-0·72) | <0·001 | 0·51 (0·34-0·75) | <0·001 |
| Always | 0·59 (0·54-0·64) | <0·001 | 0·6 (0·52-0·69) | <0·001 | 0·77 (0·64-0·92) | 0·004 | 0·75 (0·65-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·52 (0·48-0·56) | <0·001 | 1·74 (1·6-1·89) | <0·001 | 2·88 (1·66-5) | <0·001 |
| Model-2 | ||||||||||||||
| Boys | 1·24 (1·14-1·35) | <0·001 | 1·51 (1·34-1·72) | <0·001 | 0·99 (0·86-1·15) | 0·944 | 1·24 (1·02-1·49) | 0·029 | 0·91 (0·85-0·98) | 0·013 | 1·05 (0·96-1·14) | 0·322 | 0·93 (0·63-1·38) | 0·734 |
| 14-15 years | 1·15 (1·04-1·26) | 0·006 | 1·05 (0·88-1·27) | 0·544 | 1·18 (1·01-1·39) | 0·042 | 1·17 (1-1·37) | 0·047 | 1·08 (0·97-1·19) | 0·163 | 1·5 (1·27-1·77) | <0·001 | 0·92 (0·7-1·23) | 0·586 |
| 11-13 years | 1·09 (0·95-1·26) | 0·216 | 1·055 (0·85-1·3) | 0·620 | 1·28 (1·02-1·61) | 0·034 | 1·25 (1-1·57) | 0·054 | 1·15 (1-1·32) | 0·055 | 1·74 (1·49-2·02) | <0·001 | 0·8 (0·49-1·31) | 0·376 |
| SES (Below average) | 1·5 (1·38-1·63) | <0·001 | 1·44 (1·24-1·7) | <0·001 | 1·97 (1·69-2·29) | <0·001 | 1·55 (1·31-1·84) | <0·001 | 1·98 (1·78-2·19) | <0·001 | 1·69 (1·55-1·84) | <0·001 | 2·66 (1·54-4·58) | <0·001 |
| Peers were supportive | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·73 (0·68-0·78) | <0·001 | 0·68 (0·61-0·77) | <0·001 | 1·1 (0·93-1·3) | 0·256 | 1·15 (1-1·32) | 0·057 | 0·93 (0·85-1·03) | 0·186 | 0·83 (0·73-0·95) | 0·008 | 0·45 (0·25-0·79) | 0·005 |
| Most of the times | 0·62 (0·54-0·7) | <0·001 | 0·58 (0·47-0·74) | <0·001 | 0·81 (0·67-0·99) | 0·036 | 0·79 (0·62-1·01) | 0·062 | 0·74 (0·66-0·82) | <0·001 | 0·67 (0·58-0·77) | <0·001 | 0·72 (0·54-0·96) | 0·023 |
| Always | 0·52 (0·48-0·58) | <0·001 | 0·46 (0·39-0·56) | <0·001 | 0·74 (0·63-0·87) | <0·001 | 0·7 (0·61-0·8) | <0·001 | 0·53 (0·47-0·6) | <0·001 | 0·58 (0·48-0·7) | <0·001 | 0·62 (0·34-1·14) | 0·124 |
| Parents or guardians understood problem | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·89 (0·8-0·99) | 0·028 | 0·82 (0·67-1·02) | 0·077 | 1·19 (1·04-1·36) | 0·010 | 0·96 (0·79-1·16) | 0·637 | 1·04 (0·94-1·14) | 0·426 | 1·05 (0·94-1·18) | 0·361 | 0·84 (0·5-1·4) | 0·500 |
| Most of the times | 0·9 (0·81-1·01) | 0·069 | 0·88 (0·71-1·1) | 0·277 | 0·77 (0·65-0·92) | 0·003 | 0·95 (0·8-1·13) | 0·545 | 0·92 (0·84-1·01) | 0·095 | 0·97 (0·84-1·12) | 0·701 | 0·92 (0·52-1·63) | 0·773 |
| Always | 0·84 (0·75-0·94) | 0·002 | 0·87 (0·69-1·11) | 0·263 | 0·82 (0·68-0·98) | 0·032 | 0·76 (0·68-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·76 (0·68-0·84) | <0·001 | 0·9 (0·77-1·05) | 0·173 | 0·77 (0·54-1·09) | 0·144 |
| Parents or guardians knew about free time | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·92 (0·81-1·04) | 0·179 | 0·96 (0·77-1·22) | 0·786 | 1·16 (1·01-1·33) | 0·033 | 1·05 (0·89-1·25) | 0·535 | 1·03 (0·92-1·16) | 0·632 | 0·95 (0·85-1·07) | 0·416 | 0·77 (0·49-1·2) | 0·245 |
| Most of the times | 0·85 (0·77-0·93) | 0·001 | 0·90 (0·76-1·07) | 0·245 | 0·95 (0·81-1·1) | 0·494 | 1·11 (0·89-1·38) | 0·362 | 0·92 (0·83-1·03) | 0·132 | 0·79 (0·69-0·91) | <0·001 | 1·04 (0·59-1·83) | 0·895 |
| Always | 0·77 (0·7-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·84 (0·7-1·03) | 0·095 | 0·92 (0·76-1·12) | 0·411 | 0·94 (0·83-1·07) | 0·368 | 0·68 (0·62-0·75) | <0·001 | 0·73 (0·62-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·66 (0·41-1·09) | 0·105 |
| Model-3 | ||||||||||||||
| Boys | 1·21 (1·11-1·32) | <0·001 | 1·52 (1·33-1·75) | <0·001 | 0·99 (0·86-1·15) | 0·944 | 1·24 (1·02-1·49) | 0·029 | 0·91 (0·85-0·98) | 0·011 | 1·05 (0·96-1·15) | 0·283 | 0·93 (0·63-1·38) | 0·734 |
| 14-15 years | 1·11 (1-1·24) | 0·057 | 1·00 (0·81-1·25) | 0·950 | 1·18 (1-1·39) | 0·044 | 1·17 (1-1·37) | 0·049 | 1·07 (0·96-1·18) | 0·229 | 1·46 (1·24-1·73) | <0·001 | 0·92 (0·7-1·23) | 0·586 |
| 11-13 years | 1·03 (0·89-1·21) | 0·679 | 0·98 (0·78-1·24) | 0·887 | 1·28 (1·02-1·61) | 0·036 | 1·25 (0·99-1·57) | 0·055 | 1·12 (0·98-1·29) | 0·1 | 1·61 (1·39-1·87) | <0·001 | 0·8 (0·49-1·31) | 0·376 |
| Socioeconomic status (Below average) | 1·47 (1·35-1·61) | <0·001 | 1·43 (1·2-1·73) | <0·001 | 1·97 (1·69-2·29) | <0·001 | 1·54 (1·3-1·83) | <0·001 | 2 (1·81-2·21) | <0·001 | 1·69 (1·55-1·85) | <0·001 | 2·66 (1·54-4·58) | <0·001 |
| Peers were supportive | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·74 (0·69-0·79) | <0·001 | 0·73 (0·64-0·85) | <0·001 | 1·1 (0·93-1·3) | 0·256 | 1·14 (0·99-1·31) | 0·068 | 0·94 (0·85-1·04) | 0·263 | 0·85 (0·74-0·97) | 0·016 | 0·72 (0·54-0·96) | 0·023 |
| Most of the times | 0·61 (0·53-0·7) | <0·001 | 0·59 (0·46-0·77) | <0·001 | 0·81 (0·67-0·99) | 0·036 | 0·78 (0·61-1) | 0·048 | 0·74 (0·66-0·82) | <0·001 | 0·67 (0·58-0·78) | <0·001 | 0·62 (0·34-1·14) | 0·124 |
| Always | 0·51 (0·46-0·57) | <0·001 | 0·46 (0·37-0·58) | <0·001 | 0·74 (0·63-0·88) | <0·001 | 0·69 (0·6-0·79) | <0·001 | 0·52 (0·46-0·6) | <0·001 | 0·59 (0·49-0·71) | <0·001 | 0·45 (0·25-0·79) | 0·005 |
| Parents or guardians understood problem | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·89 (0·79-0·99) | 0·040 | 0·85 (0·66-1·1) | 0·215 | 1·19 (1·04-1·35) | 0·010 | 0·95 (0·79-1·15) | 0·604 | 1·05 (0·96-1·16) | 0·304 | 1·05 (0·94-1·17) | 0·382 | 0·84 (0·5-1·4) | 0·500 |
| Most of the times | 0·91 (0·81-1·02) | 0·107 | 0·933 (0·72-1·2) | 0·590 | 0·77 (0·65-0·92) | 0·003 | 0·94 (0·79-1·12) | 0·489 | 0·93 (0·85-1·02) | 0·116 | 0·96 (0·83-1·11) | 0·597 | 0·92 (0·52-1·63) | 0·773 |
| Always | 0·85 (0·77-0·95) | 0·005 | 0·95 (0·74-1·24) | 0·713 | 0·82 (0·68-0·98) | 0·034 | 0·75 (0·67-0·84) | <0·001 | 0·77 (0·69-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·89 (0·76-1·03) | 0·127 | 0·77 (0·54-1·09) | 0·144 |
| Parents or guardians knew about free time | ||||||||||||||
| Sometimes | 0·92 (0·81-1·04) | 0·163 | 0·98 (0·77-1·27) | 0·899 | 1·16 (1·01-1·33) | 0·034 | 1·05 (0·89-1·24) | 0·557 | 1·04 (0·92-1·17) | 0·556 | 0·97 (0·86-1·08) | 0·531 | 0·77 (0·49-1·2) | 0·245 |
| Most of the times | 0·86 (0·78-0·95) | 0·002 | 0·94 (0·78-1·13) | 0·515 | 0·95 (0·81-1·1) | 0·485 | 1·1 (0·88-1·37) | 0·407 | 0·92 (0·83-1·03) | 0·152 | 0·8 (0·69-0·92) | 0·002 | 1·04 (0·59-1·83) | 0·895 |
| Always | 0·77 (0·7-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·86 (0·71-1·07) | 0·178 | 0·92 (0·76-1·12) | 0·407 | 0·94 (0·83-1·07) | 0·326 | 0·68 (0·62-0·75) | <0·001 | 0·73 (0·62-0·85) | <0·001 | 0·66 (0·41-1·09) | 0·105 |